Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Spanish

Informal Letter/E-mail Example

From: Maria ([email protected])
To: Alice ([email protected])
Subject: My family

Hi Alice,

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Well, that's all for now. I hope to hear from you soon.

Love,
Maria

Informal Greetings and Introductions

• Hi Sarah: Thanks for your email
• Dear Herman: It was great to hear from you
• Dear Mr. White: How are you? I'm fine. I hope you're well
• Thank you very much for your letter of December 1
• I have some good news. I'm writing to tell you about my last holidays
• How's your family?

Informal Conclusions and Closings

• Write soon: Regards
• That's all for now: Lots of love
• We look forward to hearing from you: Best wishes
• I look forward to hearing from you
• I hope to hear from you soon
• Give

Essential English Irregular Verbs and Spanish Meanings

This table provides the infinitive, past simple, and past participle forms for common irregular verbs, along with their Spanish translations. The infinitive form is shown in bold.

Welcome to Spotlight

Voice 1: Welcome to Spotlight. I’m Liz Waid.

Voice 2: And I’m Adam Navis. Spotlight uses a special English method of broadcasting. It is easier for people to understand, no matter where in the world they live.

Defining Happiness

Voice 1: What is happiness? Are you happy? What makes you happy? For thousands of years, people all over the world have discussed these questions and expressed different opinions. We begin today’s programme with some of their thoughts.

Ancient Wisdom

Voice 2: Aristotle was a great thinker who lived in Greece over 2,000 years ago. He said:

“Happiness depends on ourselves.”

Voice 1: Thucydides also lived in Greece at about the same time. He was a military man who studied history. He said:

“The

Common Phrasal Verbs and Their Meanings

• Put on: Poner
• Pick up: Recoger
• Grow up: Crecer
• Sign up: Inscribirse
• Sit back: Sentarse
• Feedback: Retroalimentación / Efecto secundario
• Take someone back: Retomar
• Shout out: Gritar
• Move on: Continuar
• Go back: Regresar / Volver

Health and Literature Vocabulary

Health and Medical Terms

• Digestive system: Aparato digestivo
• Eye infection: Infección de ojo
• Health service: Servicio de salud
• Heart attack: Ataque de corazón
• Overweight: Sobrepeso
• Sick: Enfermo
• Stomach ache: Dolor de estómago
• Heart disease: Enfermedad del corazón

Heart-Related Expressions and Idioms

• A broken heart: Corazón roto
• A heart of gold: Corazón de oro
• A hearty meal: Una comida abundante / para el corazón
• From the bottom of your heart: Desde el fondo de tu

Moby Dick as an Impersonal Force

In a sense, Moby Dick is not a character, as the reader has no access to the White Whale’s thoughts, feelings, or intentions. Instead, Moby Dick is an impersonal force, one that many critics have interpreted as an allegorical representation of God, an inscrutable and all-powerful being that humankind can neither understand nor defy. Moby Dick thwarts free will and cannot be defeated, only accommodated or avoided. Ishmael tries a plethora of approaches to describe whales in general, but none proves adequate. Indeed, as Ishmael points out, the majority of a whale is hidden from view at all times. In this way, a whale mirrors its environment. Like the whale, only the surface of the ocean is available for human

English Verb Tenses

Present Simple

• Positive (+): you work / he works
• Negative (-): you don't work / he doesn't work
• Interrogative (?): do you work / does he work

Usage:

• Routines, general facts, schedules, and programs.

Present Continuous

• Positive (+): you are singing / I am singing / he is singing
• Negative (-): you aren't singing / I'm not singing / he isn't singing
• Interrogative (?): are you singing / am I singing / is he singing

Usage:

• Actions happening at the moment of speaking.
• Plans for the near future.
• Actions occurring in a broader present.

Past Simple

• Positive (+): you finished (all forms)
• Negative (-): you didn't finish
• Interrogative (?): did you finish

Usage:

• Finished actions that occurred in the past.
• Descriptions of how things were in the past.

Past

Grammar Transformations

1. The last time I spoke to her was before she had her baby.
2. This is the first time I have eaten Greek food.
3. My nephew has been playing tennis since 2010.
4. It’s ages since he saw her sister.
5. I haven’t gone swimming for three months.
6. This is the biggest supermarket I have ever seen.
7. When I was younger, my parents didn’t let me watch much television.
8. Paula was made to wash up before she could go out.
9. Why aren’t we allowed to go to the party?
10. You don’t need to hand in the homework until next week.
11. I think you had better see a doctor.
12. Do you know what we are supposed to do for homework?

Key Vocabulary and Phrases

Supermarket Vocabulary

1. Out of town
2. Corner
3. Brands
4. Own brand
5. Convenience
6. Range
7. Foodstuffs
8. Value
9. Aisles
10. Trolley
11. Counter
12. Checkout
13. Till
14. Cashier
15. Receipt

Sports

Crimes Against the Person: Common Law Definitions

• Assault: A threat or attempt to commit a battery.
• Battery: The use of force against another resulting in harmful or offensive contact.
• Mayhem: Maliciously depriving another of the use of a limb (disablement) or injuring the victim to permanently change their appearance (disfigurement).
• Rape and Related Offences: Unlawful sexual intercourse with a female without her consent. Modern statutes often designate this as sexual assault. Statutory rape applies if the female is too young to give consent.
• False Imprisonment: The intentional, unlawful confinement of another person. The victim must be compelled by the defendant's use of force or threat to remain or go somewhere against their will.
• Kidnapping:

Modal Verbs: Usage and Meaning

Ability and Permission

• Can: Expresses ability in the present.
• Could: Expresses ability in the past.
• Be able to: Used for other tenses (e.g., future, perfect).
• Be allowed to: Indicates that permission is given.

Possibility and Deduction

• May, Might, Could: Express present or future possibility.
• May not, Might not: Express negative possibility.
• Can't: Used to state something is impossible.
• Must, Can't: Used for logical deductions.

Obligation and Necessity

• Must, Have to: Express obligation.
• Needn't, Don't have to: Express lack of obligation.
• Need: Primarily used in negative and interrogative sentences.
• Need to: Used in affirmative sentences to express a necessity.
• Ought to, Should, Shouldn't: Used for recommendations or advice.

Essential