Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Spanish

1. Modal Verbs (Was, Were, Have, Can)

Affirmative Form

• I: was
• You: were
• He/She/It: was / had / could
• We: were
• You: were
• They: were

Negative Form

• I: wasn't
• You: weren't
• He/She/It: wasn't / hadn't / couldn't
• We: weren't
• You: weren't
• They: weren't

Interrogative Form

• Was I?
• Were you?
• Was he/she/it? (had / could)
• Were we?
• Were you?
• Were they?

2. Past Simple: Regular and Irregular

Affirmative: Verb + -ed

I / You / He / She / It / We / You / They: Worked

Negative: Didn't

I / You / He / She / It / We / You / They: Did not work

Questions: Did + Subject + Verb?

Did I/you/he/she/it/we/you/they work?

3. Irregular Verbs List

4.

English Passive Voice Structures

The passive voice is formed using the structure: Subject + Verb to be + Past Participle (Verb 3rd form).

Present Simple

Structure: Subject + (am/is/are) + Past Participle

Example: The dog broke my tennis shoes → My tennis shoes are broken by the dog.

Present Perfect

Structure: Subject + have/has been + Past Participle

Example: Luis has caught the pencil → The pencil has been caught by Luis.

Present Continuous

Structure: Subject + (am/is/are) being + Past Participle

Past Simple

Structure: Subject + was/were + Past Participle

Example: My brother studied the lesson → The lesson was studied by my brother.

Past Perfect

Structure: Subject + had been + Past Participle

Example: My dad had built a house → The house had been

Ellos

me —————> yo

over ——————> encima

1 one (uan)
2 two (chu)
3 three (zri)
4 four (four)
5 five (faiv)
6 six (six)
7 seven (seven)
8 eight (eigt)
9 nine (nain)
10 ten (ten)
11 eleven (eleven)
12 twelve (chuel)
13 thirteen (tirtin)
14 fourteen (fourtin)
15 fifteen (faivtin)
16 sixteen (sixtin)
17 seventeen (seventin)
18 eighteen (eigtin)
19 nineteen (naintin)
20 twenty (tuenti)
21 twenty one (tuenti uan)
22 twenty two (tuenti chu)
23 twenty three (tuenti zri)
24 twenty four (tuenti four)
25 twenty five (tuenti faiv)
26 twenty six (tuenti six)
27 twenty seven (tuenti seven)
28 twenty eight (tuenti eigt)
29 twenty nine (tuenti nain)
30 thirty (tirti)
31 thirty one (tirti uan)
32 thirty two (tirti chu)
33 thirty three (tirti zri)
34 thirty four (tirti... Continue reading "Essential English Vocabulary for Spanish Speakers: Numbers, Food, Home, Sports, and School" »

Essential English Vocabulary and Grammar

Adjectives for Describing People

Hair

• Short
• Curly
• Long
• Dark
• Fair
• Brown

Body

• Slim
• Short
• Fat
• Tall

Eyes

• Blue
• Brown
• Dark

Everyday Activities and Verbs

• Do exercise: hacer ejercicio
• Get up: levantarse
• Go out: salir
• Have a shower: ducharse
• Make breakfast/lunch/dinner: desayunar/comer/cenar
• Sleep: dormir
• Go to bed: acostarse
• Tidy up: ordenar
• Wash the dishes: fregar los platos
• Wash your hair: lavarse el pelo
• Cook: cocinar
• Do homework: hacer los deberes
• Do the ironing: planchar
• Make the bed: hacer la cama
• Play computer games: jugar
• Read a magazine: leer una revista
• Take the rubbish out: sacar la basura
• Watch TV: ver la tele

Common Television Programs

• Advert: anuncio
• Cartoon: dibujos
• Comedy programme
• Film
• Game show
• Reality show
• Soap opera: telenovela
• Sports

● Declaración de Yakarta (1997):

➢ Prioridades

• Promover la responsabilidad social para la salud.
• Incrementar la inversión para el desarrollo de la salud.
• Consolidar y expandir la colaboración para la salud.
• Aumentar la capacidad comunitaria y empoderar al individuo.
• Consolidar una infraestructura para la promoción de la salud.

Decálogo de petición de cambios

1. Buscar el momento y el lugar más adecuados.
2. Ir de uno en uno.
3. Preparar y planificar los 7 pasos siguientes.
4. Empezar con algo positivo, reforzándolo a ser posible.
5. Describir concretamente la conducta clave, evitando juicios de valor.
6. Explicar cuáles son las consecuencias negativas de la conducta.
7. Empatizar anticipando las dificultades.
8. Asumir la propia responsabilidad del profesional (si lo

Characteristics of Romanesque Architecture

Romanesque architecture presents a great regional variety, reflecting the artistic traditions of Western Europe. Some regional experiences developed, influenced by the new mentality of the Germanic peoples (pre-Romanesque). From the 11th century onward, a stylistic unity was produced in religious architecture, the Christian church being an institution of devotion with constructions that sought to give solidity and durability.

Monumentality and Durability

Two values guided construction:

• Monumentality: interest in imitating large Roman buildings.
• Durability: the use of robust materials such as cut stone in ashlar blocks.

The Plan of the Church

Two typologies were used:

• Basilican plan: with a transept, an apse

Relative Pronouns

1. WHO (que, quien, quienes)

Used to refer to people.

Example: The boy, who you met yesterday, is my brother.

2. WHICH (que, el que, la que...)

Used to refer to animals, things, or objects.

Example: The car, which you bought yesterday, is really nice.

3. THAT (que, el que, la que...)

Used to refer to people, animals, and things. There is a rule in English that says that "that" cannot be used after a comma. Therefore, we cannot use this relative in non-defining sentences, which are those sentences in which the relative clause goes between commas.

4. WHAT (lo que)

We use "what" with this meaning when it is a relative pronoun, and not an interrogative one.

Example: What you say is false! ///// I don't understand what you say.

5. WHERE (donde)

Essential Vocabulary and Expressions

Egoista: selfish, llegar a conocer: to get to know, Gran avance, innovación: breakthrough, aliviado: relieve, mochilero: backpacker, quedarse colgado: crash, abarrotado: crowded. De humor cambiante: moody. Sensible: práctico. To tie the knot: casarse. To get along with: llevarse bien con. Device: aparato. Isolated: aislado. Slim: delgado. Spark: chispa. Chance: oportunidad

Synonyms and Grammar Exercises

Sinónimos: intense, resident, neglect, claim.

4: a) You mustn't smoke joints in the class of 2º Bachillerato. b) I couldn't have enough time to finish my writing for the English teacher.

5: 1) You should talk. 2) You shouldn't have left.

Degree Adjectives and Comparisons

• She is extremely tall. — Es tremendamente