Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Spanish

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Studying in China: Education and Life Comparison

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Life and Education in China: A Personal Letter

Hola, Pol.

Espero que te vaya todo de maravilla y que te encuentres muy bien. A ver si un día puedo recibir una carta de tu parte, que hace mucho tiempo que no sé nada de ti.

Mi nueva vida en el extranjero

Me gustaría decirte que desde que me fui a China mi vida cambió por completo. Tuve que venir por temas de estudios y la verdad es que ahora ya estoy acostumbrado a este país. Aquí la vida es muy diferente que en España.

Diferencias en el sistema educativo

Lo que más me interesa decirte es que los métodos de estudio y los colegios en general son bastante diferentes; me arriesgaría a decir que en China los estudios son mejores.

En fin, mi vida cambió por completo al venir a este país y me

... Continue reading "Studying in China: Education and Life Comparison" »

English Language Notes

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Used To vs. Be Used To

Used to / Didn't use to + Infinitive = solía / no solía

(Be) Used to + -ing = estar acostumbrado a * (Am/are/is/was/were/will be)

Prepositions in the Media

  • ON: TV / The radio / The Internet / The web / Channel
  • IN: The media / The press / The newspaper / Newspapers / magazines

THE NEWS – las noticias

  • ON the news – un programa específico - Yesterday I saw it on the news.
  • IN the news – las noticias de la prensa en general – Kobe Bryant’s accident is in the news.

All / Everyone, Everybody, Everything

  • Every-one/body/thing
  • Everyone/everybody –---------------------------- 3a pers singular!!!!
  • Se puede sustituir por ALL THE PEOPLE ----- 3a pers. Plural!!!
  • ALL nunca sustituye a EVERYTHING
  • ALL solo se usa con oraciones de relativo
... Continue reading "English Language Notes" »

Understanding English Tenses and Grammar Rules

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Present Simple: Acciones habituales (always, usually, often, sometimes, occasionally, never). Present Continuous: Cosas que suceden mientras se habla (at the moment, now, today). Past Simple: (yesterday, last week, when, two days ago). Past Continuous: (while, as in that moment, when). Perfect: (never, since, yet, just, already). Be Going To: (plans, intentions y predicciones evidentes). Be + ING: (ho spas certisim, in October). Will + INF: (ofrecimientos, preguntas).


Who, Which, Where, When, Whose, Why

Should: (consejo, debes). Must: (obligación personal). Mustn't: (no está permitido). Have To: (tienes que, regla). Don't Have To / Needn't: (no es necesario).


So: tan, así que, por lo que. So That: de modo que, para que. For Example: por ejemplo.... Continue reading "Understanding English Tenses and Grammar Rules" »

Mastering English Reported Speech and Question Forms

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Interrogative Pronouns and Adverbs

  • Who? (¿Quién?) - Who sings in the bath every morning?
  • Whom? (¿A quién?) - Whom did you meet? (Rarely used in modern English)
  • Whose? (¿De quién?) - Whose book is this?
  • What? (¿Qué?) - What is this?
  • Which? (¿Qué? ¿Cuál?) - Which book do you want?
  • How? (¿Cómo?) - How do you get to school?
  • Where? (¿Dónde?) - Where is the Post Office?
  • When? (¿Cuándo?) - When do you get up?

Time and Place Transformations

  • Tomorrow → The next day / The following day
  • Yesterday → The day before
  • Here → There
  • This / That → The
  • This morning → That morning
  • Today → That day
  • Tonight → That night
  • Next Tuesday → The following Tuesday
  • Last Tuesday → The previous Tuesday
  • The day after tomorrow → In two days' time
  • Ago → Before
... Continue reading "Mastering English Reported Speech and Question Forms" »

English Grammar, Vocabulary, and Cultural Notes

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English Grammar and Vocabulary Essentials

Zero Article

  • Plural, uncountable nouns and general: hours, days
  • Before languages and meals

A

  • Countable: To describe what something is

The

  • Specific, known places
  • Superlatives

Some/Any

  • Some: Used in positive sentences, offers, and requests
  • Any: Used in negative sentences and questions asking for information

Third Conditional

  • If + subject + HAD (past perfect), subject + would have + past participle

Complex Dependent Sentences

  • Lack meaning on their own

Compound-Complex Sentences

  • An independent clause + subordination + dependent + comma + FANBOYS + independent
  • I went to class, even though I was sleepy, and I learned a lot.

Subordinating Conjunctions

  • After - después
  • Although
  • As - como, a medida que
  • Because
  • Before - antes
  • If
  • Once
... Continue reading "English Grammar, Vocabulary, and Cultural Notes" »

Common Spanish Phrases, Vocabulary, and Expressions

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Common Spanish Phrases and Expressions

  • Vivir separados - To live apart.
  • Ponerse de moda - To become fashionable.
  • A largo plazo - Long term.
  • Llover a cántaros - To rain cats and dogs.
  • Enfermo mental - Mentally ill.
  • De milagro - By a miracle.
  • Sino todo lo contrario - Quite the reverse.
  • Seguir los pasos de - To follow the footsteps of.
  • Alistarse en el ejército - To join the army.
  • Poco después - Shortly afterwards.
  • Una mosquita muerta - A wolf in sheep's clothing (not 'a candy ass').
  • No cabe duda - There is no doubt.
  • Así es la vida - This is the way of life.
  • Querer es poder - Where there is a will, there is a way.
  • Dar gracias a Dios - To thank one's lucky stars.
  • Soportar - To put up with.
  • Matar dos pájaros de un tiro - To kill two birds with one stone.
  • Tranquilízate
... Continue reading "Common Spanish Phrases, Vocabulary, and Expressions" »

English Grammar, Vocabulary, and Phrasal Verbs

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English Grammar

Conditional Sentences

  1. Zero Conditional: Present Simple – Present Simple.
  2. First Conditional: Present – Future (will).
  3. Second Conditional: Past Simple – would + infinitive.
  4. Third Conditional: Past Perfect (had + past participle) – would have + past participle (ed or 3rd column).

Wish

  • Wish + Past Perfect (regret).
  • Wish + Past Simple (unhappy about).
  • Wish + could + base form (future desire).

Causative (Have/Get)

  • He paints his shoes – He has his shoes painted.
  • I will be cutting my hair – I will be having my hair cut.
  • He had been decorating his room – You had been having your room decorated.
  • The prince is having his portrait painted (by the painter).

Passive Voice

  • I have made a cake – A cake has been made (by me).
  • I had made a cake
... Continue reading "English Grammar, Vocabulary, and Phrasal Verbs" »

Learn English: Key Grammar Points and Common Vocabulary

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English Grammar Essentials: Tenses, Verbs & Vocabulary

Essential English Vocabulary: Body Parts

  • Chest: pit
  • Heart: cor
  • Hip: maluc
  • Kidney: ronyó
  • Liver: fetge
  • Lungs: pulmons
  • Muscle: múscul
  • Nail: ungla
  • Neck: coll
  • Nerves: nervis
  • Shin: canyella
  • Skin: pell
  • Stomach: estómac
  • Thigh: cuixa
  • Throat: gola
  • Tongue: llengua

Understanding the Present Perfect Tense

The Present Perfect tense is used to talk about actions that started in the past and continue into the present. It is often accompanied by expressions like since (desde "1999") and for (hace, desde "hace dos semanas").

Using "Ago" for Past Events

The word "ago" signifies a period of time in the past.

  • Example: Richard finished university three years ago. (Richard terminó la universidad hace tres años.)

"Already"

... Continue reading "Learn English: Key Grammar Points and Common Vocabulary" »

Social Media Marketing Proposal for [Company Name]

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Executive Summary

Thank you for considering [Your Company] as your social media marketing partner. We are excited about the opportunity to enhance your online presence and achieve your marketing goals.

This proposal outlines our comprehensive social media marketing strategy tailored to your company's specific needs. It also includes project pricing details.

Current Situation

Our research indicates that [Company Name] can significantly improve its social media presence by implementing the following strategies:

  • Consistent promotional campaigns
  • Effective photo marketing and infographics
  • Data-driven analytics to measure success

Proposed Solution

Our social media marketing strategy for [Company Name] will leverage current industry best practices, including:... Continue reading "Social Media Marketing Proposal for [Company Name]" »

Essential Tort Law Precedents and Liability Principles

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Duty of Care and the Neighbor Principle

1. Donoghue v Stevenson (1932): Mr. D went to a restaurant where the waiter poured some beer over his friend's ice cream. They later discovered a snail in the beer. Mr. D sued the restaurant, seeking £500 for gastroenteritis. Decision: The court established the Neighbor Principle, ruling that the defendant owed a duty of care to the consumer even in the absence of a formal contract.

The Caparo Three-Stage Test

2. Caparo Industries plc v Dickman (1990): Caparo held shares that were undervalued, moving from £465,000 to £1.3m. Caparo sued Dickman for negligence, but the defendant was not held responsible. This case established the three-stage test for determining a duty of care.

Product Liability and Professional

... Continue reading "Essential Tort Law Precedents and Liability Principles" »