Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Spanish

Used To vs. Be Used To

Used to / Didn't use to + Infinitive = solía / no solía

(Be) Used to + -ing = estar acostumbrado a * (Am/are/is/was/were/will be)

Prepositions in the Media

• ON: TV / The radio / The Internet / The web / Channel
• IN: The media / The press / The newspaper / Newspapers / magazines

THE NEWS – las noticias

• ON the news – un programa específico - Yesterday I saw it on the news.
• IN the news – las noticias de la prensa en general – Kobe Bryant’s accident is in the news.

All / Everyone, Everybody, Everything

• Every-one/body/thing
• Everyone/everybody –---------------------------- 3a pers singular!!!!
• Se puede sustituir por ALL THE PEOPLE ----- 3a pers. Plural!!!
• ALL nunca sustituye a EVERYTHING
• ALL solo se usa con oraciones de relativo

Present Simple: Acciones habituales (always, usually, often, sometimes, occasionally, never). Present Continuous: Cosas que suceden mientras se habla (at the moment, now, today). Past Simple: (yesterday, last week, when, two days ago). Past Continuous: (while, as in that moment, when). Perfect: (never, since, yet, just, already). Be Going To: (plans, intentions y predicciones evidentes). Be + ING: (ho spas certisim, in October). Will + INF: (ofrecimientos, preguntas).

Who, Which, Where, When, Whose, Why

So: tan, así que, por lo que. So That: de modo que, para que. For Example: por ejemplo.... Continue reading "Understanding English Tenses and Grammar Rules" »

Interrogative Pronouns and Adverbs

• Who? (¿Quién?) - Who sings in the bath every morning?
• Whom? (¿A quién?) - Whom did you meet? (Rarely used in modern English)
• Whose? (¿De quién?) - Whose book is this?
• What? (¿Qué?) - What is this?
• Which? (¿Qué? ¿Cuál?) - Which book do you want?
• How? (¿Cómo?) - How do you get to school?
• Where? (¿Dónde?) - Where is the Post Office?
• When? (¿Cuándo?) - When do you get up?

Time and Place Transformations

• Tomorrow → The next day / The following day
• Yesterday → The day before
• Here → There
• This / That → The
• This morning → That morning
• Today → That day
• Tonight → That night
• Next Tuesday → The following Tuesday
• Last Tuesday → The previous Tuesday
• The day after tomorrow → In two days' time
• Ago → Before

English Grammar and Vocabulary Essentials

Zero Article

• Plural, uncountable nouns and general: hours, days
• Before languages and meals

A

• Countable: To describe what something is

The

• Specific, known places
• Superlatives

Some/Any

• Some: Used in positive sentences, offers, and requests
• Any: Used in negative sentences and questions asking for information

Third Conditional

• If + subject + HAD (past perfect), subject + would have + past participle

Complex Dependent Sentences

• Lack meaning on their own

Compound-Complex Sentences

• An independent clause + subordination + dependent + comma + FANBOYS + independent
• I went to class, even though I was sleepy, and I learned a lot.

Subordinating Conjunctions

• After - después
• Although
• As - como, a medida que
• Because
• Before - antes
• If
• Once

Common Spanish Phrases and Expressions

• Vivir separados - To live apart.
• Ponerse de moda - To become fashionable.
• A largo plazo - Long term.
• Llover a cántaros - To rain cats and dogs.
• Enfermo mental - Mentally ill.
• De milagro - By a miracle.
• Sino todo lo contrario - Quite the reverse.
• Seguir los pasos de - To follow the footsteps of.
• Alistarse en el ejército - To join the army.
• Poco después - Shortly afterwards.
• Una mosquita muerta - A wolf in sheep's clothing (not 'a candy ass').
• No cabe duda - There is no doubt.
• Así es la vida - This is the way of life.
• Querer es poder - Where there is a will, there is a way.
• Dar gracias a Dios - To thank one's lucky stars.
• Soportar - To put up with.
• Matar dos pájaros de un tiro - To kill two birds with one stone.
• Tranquilízate

English Grammar

Conditional Sentences

1. Zero Conditional: Present Simple – Present Simple.
2. First Conditional: Present – Future (will).
3. Second Conditional: Past Simple – would + infinitive.
4. Third Conditional: Past Perfect (had + past participle) – would have + past participle (ed or 3rd column).

Wish

• Wish + Past Perfect (regret).
• Wish + Past Simple (unhappy about).
• Wish + could + base form (future desire).

Causative (Have/Get)

• He paints his shoes – He has his shoes painted.
• I will be cutting my hair – I will be having my hair cut.
• He had been decorating his room – You had been having your room decorated.
• The prince is having his portrait painted (by the painter).

Passive Voice

• I have made a cake – A cake has been made (by me).
• I had made a cake

English Grammar Essentials: Tenses, Verbs & Vocabulary

Essential English Vocabulary: Body Parts

• Chest: pit
• Heart: cor
• Hip: maluc
• Kidney: ronyó
• Liver: fetge
• Lungs: pulmons
• Muscle: múscul
• Nail: ungla
• Neck: coll
• Nerves: nervis
• Shin: canyella
• Skin: pell
• Stomach: estómac
• Thigh: cuixa
• Throat: gola
• Tongue: llengua

Understanding the Present Perfect Tense

The Present Perfect tense is used to talk about actions that started in the past and continue into the present. It is often accompanied by expressions like since (desde "1999") and for (hace, desde "hace dos semanas").

Using "Ago" for Past Events

The word "ago" signifies a period of time in the past.

• Example: Richard finished university three years ago. (Richard terminó la universidad hace tres años.)

"Already"

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Duty of Care and the Neighbor Principle

1. Donoghue v Stevenson (1932): Mr. D went to a restaurant where the waiter poured some beer over his friend's ice cream. They later discovered a snail in the beer. Mr. D sued the restaurant, seeking £500 for gastroenteritis. Decision: The court established the Neighbor Principle, ruling that the defendant owed a duty of care to the consumer even in the absence of a formal contract.

The Caparo Three-Stage Test

2. Caparo Industries plc v Dickman (1990): Caparo held shares that were undervalued, moving from £465,000 to £1.3m. Caparo sued Dickman for negligence, but the defendant was not held responsible. This case established the three-stage test for determining a duty of care.

Product Liability and Professional