Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Spanish

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Effective Spanish Email Writing Tips and Vocabulary

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EMPEZAR:

At first: At first; At first sight (vista); First at all; Firstly; To begin with (para empezar); Secondly, Thirdly; Initially (inicialmente)

OPINION:

As far as I am concerned: From my point of view; Talking from my experience; I agree/disagree; In my opinion/view; It is true that; To be honest; Personally; In fact; Actually; Most people; Nowadays = currently.

MAS INFO:

And eventually: Finalmente; Aparte from (aparte de); In addition/Moreover/besides = Ademas; Furthermore (asimismo); Another point is that (habría que añadir que); After that (después de eso); Meanwhile (mientras tanto); Next (luego); Doubtless (sin duda); That is (es decir)

CONCLUIR:

All in all: Resumiendo; In conclusion; Eventually (finalmente); Afterwards (más tarde);... Continue reading "Effective Spanish Email Writing Tips and Vocabulary" »

English Verb Tenses: Simple, Continuous, Perfect

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Present Simple

Indicators: Always, often, usually, generally, sometimes, seldom, hardly ever, never, every..., once/twice a..., three times a..., on days of the week, by day, weekly, regularly, at first..., then.., Monday...

Past Simple

Indicators:

  • Determined time: Last week, yesterday, six weeks ago...
  • Indeterminate time: The other day, ages ago, a long time ago...
  • The previous day, week...
  • The day, week before...

Future Simple

Indicators: Tomorrow, next week, probably, maybe, perhaps, I (hope, think, believe, expect...), spontaneous decisions, predictions, favors, uncertain future.

Present Continuous

Indicators:

  • Am + -ing
  • At present, currently, now, right now, at the moment, at this moment
  • "Today" (contrasting a habit)
  • This afternoon, tonight, tomorrow,
... Continue reading "English Verb Tenses: Simple, Continuous, Perfect" »

Don't Let Me Down

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    Don't let me down

Crashing, hit a wall
Right now I need a miracle
Hurry up now, I need a miracle
Stranded, reaching out
I call your name but you're not around
I say your name but you're not around

I need you, I need you, I need you right now
Yeah, I need you right now
So don't let me, don't let me, don't let me down
I think I'm losing my mind now
It's in my head, darling I hope
That you'll be here when I need you the most
So don't let me, don't let me, don't let me down
Don't let me down

Don't let me down
Don't let me down, down, down
Don't let me down, don't let me down, down, down

Running out of time
I really thought you were on my side
But now there's nobody by my side

I need you, I need you, I need you right now
Yeah, I need you right now
So don't let... Continue reading "Don't Let Me Down" »

English Grammar Cheat Sheet

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Reported Speech

DirectIndirect
Pres. (I said "I go to London")Pas. (He said that he went to London)
Pres. C. (He said "I'm going...")Pas. C. (...he was going...)
Pas. (He said "I went to London")Pas. Perf. (...he had gone...)
Pas. C. (He said "I was going...")Pas. Perf. C. (...he had been going...)
Pres. Perf. (He said "I have gone...")Pas. Perf. (...he had gone...)
Fut. (He said "I will go...")Cond. (...he would go...)
Pas. Perf.Pas. Perf.
Cond.Cond.

Today - that/that day/tomorrow - the following day/yesterday - the day before/here - there/this - that/these - those.

Conditionals

  • If present / future (will, is/are going to)
  • If past / conditional (would/could)
  • If past perfect / conditional perfect (would + have + past participle)

Passive Voice

Roald Dahl's Parson's Pleasure: Summary & Analysis

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Parson's Pleasure

The story that I enjoyed most was 'Parson's Pleasure' because the story is about an antique dealer. I like the world of antiques, old cars and houses, and old things. It is also funny because the man, to avoid suspicion, parks his car out of sight and dresses as a parson. I also like the method that the man uses to persuade the owners. On one occasion, Boggis finds a particularly valuable commode at a farm. The farmer, Rummins, although initially suspicious, thinks that it is a good price for a worthless piece of furniture. Finally, the farmer is persuaded by Boggis, thinking that Boggis will only use it as firewood.

The Open Window

Framton Nuttel, a young man greatly concerned with his health, reluctantly accepts his doctor'... Continue reading "Roald Dahl's Parson's Pleasure: Summary & Analysis" »

English Past Simple Irregular Verbs

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Common English Irregular Verbs

SpanishInfinitivePast Simple
Ser / estarBeWas / were
EmpezarBeginBegan
RomperBreakBroke
TraerBringBrought
ComprarBuyBought
PoderCanCould
ElegirChooseChose
CostearCostCost
VenirComeCame
CortarCutCut
HacerDoDid
BeberDrinkDrank
ManejarDriveDrove
ComerEatAte
CaerseFallFell
SentirFeelFelt
PelearFightFought
EncontrarFindFound
VolarFlyFlew
ObtenerGetGot
DarGiveGave
IrGoWent
TenerHaveHad
GolpearHitHit
SaberKnowKnew
DejarLeaveLeft
PrestarLendLent
PerderLoseLost
HacerMakeMade
PonerPutPut
PagarPayPaid
LeerReadRead
CorrerRunRan
DecirSaySaid
VerSeeSaw
EnviarSendSent
CantarSingSang
SentarseSitSat
DormirSleepSlept
HablarSpeakSpoke
GastarSpendSpent
NadarSwimSwam
TomarTakeTook
EnseñarTeachTaught
DecirTellTold
PensarThinkThought
EntenderUnderstandUnderstood
EscribirWriteWrote
DespertarWakeWoke
GanarWinWon

Mastering Indirect Questions, Time Expressions, and Passive Voice

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Indirect Questions (IF without Interrogation)

Direct: How many offices does your company have?

Indirect: Can you tell me how many offices your company has?

Direct: Who is the marketing manager?

Indirect: I'd like to know who the marketing manager is.

Direct: Where did you buy your laptop?

Indirect: Can you tell me where you bought your laptop?

Direct: Is there a conference room in the building?

Indirect: Can you tell me if there is a conference room in the building?

Direct: Does Peter come to his office in the afternoons?

Indirect: I'd like to know if Peter comes to his office in the afternoons.

Direct: Have you studied English before?

Indirect: Can you tell me if you have studied English before?

Direct: Why didn't John call me last night?

Indirect: Can... Continue reading "Mastering Indirect Questions, Time Expressions, and Passive Voice" »

Love Story: Plot Summary and Reader Review

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Love Story: English Summary

The story is about a couple, Jennifer Cavilleri and Oliver Barrett. They meet at university and fall in love. Their romance continues, and they meet their parents. Oliver’s parents are rich, and Jennifer’s father is poor, but Oliver doesn’t mind. The couple wants to marry, but Oliver’s father doesn’t accept it, and they fight. Finally, they get married.

Three years later, they live together in a humble flat because Oliver’s father doesn’t give them money as before. They work hard; she is a teacher, and he is a lawyer. Then, they move to New York. They want to have children, but they can’t because Jenny is very sick. Finally, she dies when she is 24. Oliver is very sad and sees his father in the hospital.... Continue reading "Love Story: Plot Summary and Reader Review" »

English Grammar and Lance Armstrong Case Study

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Passive Voice

Tenses

  • Present Simple: am/is/are + past participle
  • Present Continuous: am/is/are + being + past participle
  • Present Perfect: have/has + been + past participle
  • Past Simple: was/were + past participle
  • Past Continuous: was/were + being + past participle
  • Past Perfect: had + been + past participle
  • Future Simple: will + be + past participle
  • Future Perfect: will + have + been + past participle

Conditionals

  • Zero Conditional (Universal Truths): If + present, present
  • First Conditional (Reality): If + present simple, will/can/must + infinitive
  • Second Conditional (Unlikely): If + past simple, would/could/might + infinitive
  • Third Conditional (Missed Opportunity): If + past perfect, would/could/might + have + past participle

Reported Speech

  • Present Simple →
... Continue reading "English Grammar and Lance Armstrong Case Study" »

Essential English Vocabulary and Grammar Guide

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Essential English Vocabulary

Common Verbs and Phrases

Cram: To stuff something into a tight space.

Example: I tried to cram all my clothes into one suitcase, but it didn't work.

Figure out: To understand or solve something.

Example: I figured out that math problem.

Nurture: To care for and encourage the growth or development of someone or something.

Example: Parents need to nurture their children to help them become good people.

Pull yourself together: To regain control of your emotions.

Example: Stop crying and pull yourself together.

Rough and ready: Done quickly and without much care; basic.

Example: Today's homework is rough and ready.

Scheme: A plan or plot, often secret or dishonest.

Example: The officials schemed against the president.

Shift: To move... Continue reading "Essential English Vocabulary and Grammar Guide" »