Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Spanish

This table presents a selection of advanced English words with their Spanish translations and definitions. Proper management and study of these terms will enhance your linguistic skills.

The 1980s: Culture, Trends, and Historical Context

The 1980s were a vibrant era, often remembered for its distinctive culture and significant global events. It was a time of unique fashion, groundbreaking music, and notable historical shifts.

Fashion and Lifestyle in the Eighties

People embraced a bold and colorful aesthetic. Fashion often featured very wide t-shirts, trousers, and skirts, alongside clothing in bright hues like red, blue, and pink. This period was characterized by a sense of fun and experimentation in personal style.

Music Icons and Genres

In the world of music, Hip Hop, Rap, and especially Rock were immensely popular. Michael Jackson stood out as the most popular singer of the decade, leaving an indelible mark on music history... Continue reading "1980s Culture & Essential English Grammar Review" »

English Conditionals

• Zero Conditional (General Truths): If + present simple, present simple. Example: If you heat water, it boils.
• First Conditional (Future Consequences): If + present simple, future simple. Example: If you study, you will pass.
• Second Conditional (Hypothetical): If + past simple, would + infinitive. Example: If I were rich, I would not work.
• Third Conditional (Past Regrets): If + past perfect, would have + past participle. Example: If you had studied, you would have passed the exam.

Conditional Practice Exercises

• If Liam doesn't shave off his beard, Sharon won’t go out with him.
• Would you take me with you if you went to the beach?
• If Kelly had invited me to the party, I would have gone.
• The man will hurt himself if he jumps from

Essential Vocabulary: Relationships & Emotions

• ask out: Invitar a salir
• over the hill: Ir cuesta abajo
• attach: Poner, colocar
• bend over backwards: Hacer lo imposible
• breath: Aliento
• breathe: Respirar
• breathless: Sin aliento
• forgive: Perdonar
• cheer up: Levantar el ánimo a
• come between: Interponerse entre
• commit: Comprometerse
• couple: Pareja
• deserve: Merecer
• drift apart: Distanciarse
• drive away: Asustar
• envious: Envidioso
• drop by: Pasar por
• fall out: Enfadarse
• fate: Destino
• go mad over: Perder la cabeza por
• get it over with: Quitarse algo de encima
• gossip: Chismorreo
• hang out: Pasar el rato (Nota: 'Colgar el teléfono' es 'hang up')
• head over heels: Locamente enamorado
• hear from: Tener noticias de
• hear out: Escuchar (hasta el final)
• help out: Ayudar
• hold a grudge:

Corrientes Filosóficas del Realismo

POSITIVISMO: Es una de las filosofías de la época del Realismo desde el punto de vista del pensamiento. Nace como ideología opuesta al Romanticismo. Solo se admite como verdadero lo descubierto mediante la observación rigurosa y la experimentación; se rechaza la especulación pura.

DETERMINISMO: Es una de las filosofías de la época del Realismo desde el punto de vista del pensamiento, que trata de que el futuro está determinado. Es decir, si actúas de una forma, la consecuencia será la respuesta de ella.

KRAUSISMO: Es una de las filosofías de la época del Realismo desde el punto de vista del pensamiento. Estudia lo específico de cada nacionalidad. Esta corriente de pensamiento no acepta el autoritarismo... Continue reading "Corrientes Filosóficas del Realismo y La Regenta" »

Sincretismo de género contradictorio: Somos sincréticas porque cada una posee atributos de género tradicionales y modernos de manera simultánea. Esto ha impactado la cotidianidad de las mujeres y sus relaciones, donde permanentemente se socializa con constantes ambivalencias.

En el ámbito de la salud, la intimidad y la sexualidad de las mujeres, las vivencias del sincretismo de género remueven permanentemente comportamientos, conductas y prácticas que, desde la sumisión y la dominación, les impidieron realizaciones y crecimiento en tanto seres humanos. Se las convoca a asumir valores hacia la construcción de un «ser-par-a-sí»: centrarse en la propia vida, realizar lo deseado, lo imaginado, lo negado, lo postergado y lo prohibido.... Continue reading "Sincretismo de Género y Sexualidad Femenina: Autocuidado y Empoderamiento" »

English Connectors and Transition Words

1. Addition

• In addition to / Besides / Moreover / Furthermore / What's more = ademas de
• As well as = asi como
• Apart from = aparte de
• Except = excepto

2. Contrast

• In spite of / Despite = a pesar de
• Although / Even though = aunque / incluso aunque
• Even if = incluso si
• While / Whereas = mientras
• However / Nevertheless = sin embargo / de todas formas
• On the contrary = por el contrario
• On one hand / On the other hand = por un lado / por otro lado

3. Cause and Reason

• Because of / Due to / Owing to = debido a
• Thanks to = gracias a
• As a result of = como consecuencia de
• Because (Becuase) / Since / As / Seeing that = pq / puesto que, ya que

4. Result

• As a result / Consequently / As a consequence = por ello / como consecuencia
• Therefore

Reported Speech: Tense Transformations

Understanding how tenses change when converting direct speech to reported speech is crucial for accurate and effective communication. This document provides a clear breakdown of these transformations.

Essential English Vocabulary: Clothes and Accessories

• Cardigan: chaqueta fina
• Skirt: falda
• Boots: botas
• Coat: abrigo
• Suit: traje
• Flip-flops: chanclas
• Dress: vestido
• Sweater: jersey
• Sandals: sandalias
• Jacket: chaqueta
• Top: camiseta / top
• Shoes: zapatos
• Jeans: vaqueros
• Tracksuit: chándal
• Trainers: bambas / zapatillas
• Shirt: camisa
• Trousers: pantalones
• Belt: cinturón
• Shorts: pantalones cortos
• T-shirt: camiseta
• Cap: gorra
• Hat: gorro / sombrero
• Leggings: leggings
• Gloves: guantes
• Scarf: bufanda
• Socks: calcetines
• Tie: corbata
• Tights: medias
• Bracelet: pulsera
• Earrings: pendientes
• Necklace: collar
• Ring: anillo

Describing People and Actions

Physical Appearance

What do they look like? (Descripción física)

Example: She has curly, brown hair.

Clothing and Current Actions

What are they wearing?... Continue reading "English Vocabulary for Clothes and Basic Grammar" »

English Vocabulary with Spanish Translations

Pay attention = Prestar atención
Encourage = Animar
Sense of belonging = Sentirse parte de un grupo o de algo
Secure, assured = Seguro, asegurado
Support = Apoyar
Revise = Revisar
Strict = Estricto
Disrupt, interrupt = Interrumpir
Curriculum = Curriculum
Discipline = Disciplina
Achieve, achievement = Lograr, logro
Assignment, task = Encargo, tarea
Attend (class) = Ir a clase
Compulsory = Obligatorio
Pressure = Presión
Stressed = Estresado
Accept = Aceptar
Accomplishment = Achievement
Aid, help = Ayuda
Allow, permit = Permit
Appear = Aparecer
Beg = Suplicar
Degree (university) = Grado universitario
Delighted, excited = Encantado, emocionado
Income, salary in a year = Salary in a year
Miss = Echar... Continue reading "English Vocabulary List: Essential Words and Phrases with Spanish Translations" »