Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Spanish

El funcionalismo es un paradigma teórico según el cual la sociedad es un sistema complejo cuyas partes encajan entre sí, produciendo el equilibrio y la estabilidad social. Para el funcionalismo, nuestras vidas están orientadas según la dirección que marcan ciertas estructuras sociales: las relaciones familiares, las conductas que seguimos cuando nos encontramos en la calle o los comportamientos de... Continue reading "Funcionalismo vs. Paradigma del Conflicto: Durkheim y Marx en la Sociología" »

English Grammar: Verb Tenses

Present Simple: Habits and Routines

• Used to express habitual actions or permanent situations.
• Verb + -s (for third person singular).

Present Continuous: Ongoing or Temporary Actions

• Indicates actions happening at the moment of speaking.
• To be + verb + -ing.

Past Simple: Completed Past Actions

• Verb + -ed or irregular verb (V2).
• Used with did...? and didn't.
• Describes finished actions.
• Common time expressions: last..., a month ago, yesterday, when, once, in 2011.
• Example: She died in 1916.

Past Continuous: Actions in Progress in the Past

• Describes actions in progress at a specific time in the past.
• Was/Were + verb + -ing.
• Indicates unfinished actions.
• Common time expressions: while, as, yesterday at 9 AM.
• Example: The phone rang when

Verbos Irregulares: Presente y Pasado

• Begin, began (empezar, comenzar)
• Find, found (encontrar)
• Forget, forgot (olvidar)
• Get, got (obtener, conseguir)
• Give, gave (dar)
• Go, went (ir)
• Know, knew (saber, conocer)
• Learn, learnt (aprender)
• Lend, lent (prestar)
• Make, made (hacer, fabricar)
• Pay, paid (pagar)
• Read, read (leer)
• Sit, sat (sentarse)
• Stand, stood (permanecer, quedarse)
• Take, took (tomar)
• Think, thought (pensar, creer)
• Write, wrote (escribir)
• Sleep, slept (dormir)

Conjugación del Verbo To Be

Presente

I am, you are, he is, she is, it is, we are, you are, they are.

Pasado

I was, you were, he was, she was, it was, we were, you were, they were.

Tiempos Continuos

Presente Continuo (Verbo To Be + -ing)

Ejemplo: I'm reading (Estoy leyendo).

Pasado Continuo (Verbo To Be

Knapsack Problem Solution Methods

This implementation demonstrates several methods for solving the Knapsack Problem, including Linear Programming (LP) relaxation, the Dantzig heuristic, the standard Greedy algorithm, and a Local Search approach (Exchange Problem).

1. Initialization and Data Loading

uses "mmsystem"

declarations
    n, cap: integer
    archivo_datos = "gen300_5.txt"
end-declarations

fopen(archivo_datos, F_INPUT)
readln(n)
readln(cap)

declarations
    objetos = 1..n
    p, w, candidato: array(objetos) of integer
    t1: real
    x: array(objetos) of mpvar
    xp: array(objetos) of integer
    g: array(objetos) of real
    sol: array(objetos) of integer
    zgreedy, carga, final: integer
    ind0: array(objetos) of integer

Reported Speech and English Grammar Essentials

Direct and Reported Speech

Time and Place Changes in Reported Speech

Question Words in Reported Speech

• What

Essential English Vocabulary

• Supportive: Apoyo
• Helpful: Servicial
• Outgoing: Extrovertida
• Extroverted: Extrovertido
• Truthful: Veraz
• Sincere: Sincero
• Enthusiastic: Entusiasta
• Energetic: Energético
• Dependable: Confiable
• Reliable: De confianza
• Responsible: Responsable
• Mature: Maduro
• Cruel: Cruel
• Mean: Media
• Optimistic: Optimista
• Positive: Positivo
• Sympathetic: Simpático
• Kind: Tipo
• Bitter: Amargo
• Angry: Enojado
• Eager: Ansioso
• Willing: Complaciente
• Dedicated: Dedicado
• Determined: Determinado

More Useful Words

• Bully: Matón
• Victims: Víctimas
• Star: Estrella
• Founder: Fundador
• Get involved: Involucrarse
• Get things done: Terminar las cosas
• Get better: Mejorar
• Get the feeling: Da la sensación
• Get permission: Obtener permiso
• Get used to: Acostumbrarse a
• Make an effort: Haz un esfuerzo
• Make

Balancing Digital Media and Reading Habits

In today's world, many teenagers have access to the internet; therefore, they have a chance to watch free videos and films online. (1) As it is a passive activity, it is very likely that they spend much more time watching videos than reading. (2)

The Risks of Passive Consumption

While watching an online film or videos is not a bad activity per se, doing it all the time is. (3) This is precisely what teachers and parents fear: teenagers becoming just passive consumers of any junk videos or worthless information that is presented online. They point out that good habits, such as reading and acquiring useful information for their future jobs, are being lost. (4)

Finding a Healthy Balance

However, if parents... Continue reading "Balancing Teen Screen Time and Reading Habits" »

English Vocabulary for Employment and the Workplace

Adjectives for Work and Professions

• Alert: alerta / despierto
• Overworked: explotado laboralmente
• Prepared: preparado
• Realistic: realista
• Relaxing: relajante
• Skilled: experto
• Stressed: estresado
• Stressful: estresante
• Successful: exitoso
• Superb: magnífico
• Understaffed: falta de personal
• Unhappy: infeliz
• Unique: único
• Vocational: profesional
• Well-paid: bien pagado

Adverbs in a Professional Context

• Offshore: costa afuera / en alta mar
• Professionally: profesionalmente

Nouns Related to Jobs and Careers

• Application: solicitud
• Balance: balance / equilibrio
• Commitment: compromiso / entrega / obligación
• Company: empresa / compañía
• Continuity: continuidad / duración / permanencia
• Convention: convención / convenio
• Co-worker:

Environmental Protection: An Opinion Essay

How can we help to protect the environment?

Current Environmental Challenges

There are many problems related to the environment, such as excessive pollution, deforestation, and the exhaustion of natural resources, which have had devastating consequences in the last decades. In fact, many species are in danger of extinction, and others have already disappeared.

Proposed Solutions

There are many measures that we can take in our daily life to change this situation:

• Recycle, reuse, and reduce: Minimize the consumption of unnecessary items.
• Governmental action: Pass laws to regulate environmental impact and prevent further pollution.
• Stricter enforcement: Control fires and impose severe punishments for those who

Filosofía de Descartes

• Certeza: Estado subjetivo de seguridad absoluta respecto a la verdad de un conocimiento que no puede ponerse en duda. Es el objetivo último del conocimiento humano, y corresponde a la correspondencia entre la idea evidente y la certeza.
• Método: Conjunto de reglas ciertas y fáciles gracias a las cuales todo lo que se observa exactamente no tomará nunca por falso lo que es verdadero, y alcanzarán el conocimiento verdadero de todo aquello que sean capaces.
• Duda: Proceso subjetivo de conocimiento por el cual cuestionamos el valor de aquello que se nos presenta como verdadero. La duda es la primera consecuencia del método cartesiano, que aconseja no aceptar como verdadero más que lo evidente.
• Evidencia: Aprehensión directa