Notes, abstracts, papers, exams and problems of Social sciences

Cont 4: New Movement Shift from Faith to Science

It started questioning what’s happening around him/her. Nature went from being feared and respected to something to be tamed and subdued. During the period of conquest, modern anthropology was birthed. Michel Eyquem put forward a very important aspect at the basis of modern anthropology, which is relativism (written by looking at cannibalism). It is the belief that there is no absolute truth, only the truth that a particular individual or culture happens to believe.

Second Shock: Raw Materials to Semi-Finished Products

The industrial system experienced a revolution in each country, leading to more factories and increased human labor. This enabled another idea of evolutionism to appear (Darwin)... Continue reading "The Evolution of Anthropology: From Faith to Science" »

The Agrarian Revolution

The agrarian revolution started in England in the first half of the 18th century. There were changes in land property innovations in respect to farming techniques.

• There was a concentration of land plots (complots), in which common land became private property, meant the loss of rights of the peasant. As a consequence, part of the rural population had to migrate to the cities, where they looked for work in the factories, becoming part of the incipient proletariat.

The Technical Revolution

The technical revolution occurred particularly in two areas:

• Energy: The invention of the steam engine by Watt was the motor of change. The steam engine could be applied to the textile industry and to transport, of the steam train and the

Mast Rich:

The Treaty of Mast Rich has several characteristics. It marked a transition from an economic to a politico-economic organization. It also introduced co-decision procedures and initiated a monetary union. Additionally, it provided a social dimension to the EU and created European citizenship. Lastly, it enshrined the principle of subsidiarity.

Lisbon:

The Lisbon Treaty has the following characteristics. It increased the legislative and budgetary authority of the European Parliament. It also restricted the areas in which decisions must be unanimous. Furthermore, it established a common charter of fundamental rights for all citizens and created two new positions.

Differences between EEC and EU:

The EEC was a simple association for economic... Continue reading "The Evolution of European Treaties and Turkey's Quest for EU Membership" »

Why the Upsurge in Globalization?

1. Increased Customer Demands and Access

• Demand for more value for money
• Preference for global brands over local brands
• Access to global distributors

2. Increased Technological Innovation

Improved ICT facilitates access to markets, partners, and global networks.

3. Increased Power of Emerging Markets

4. Increased Globalization of Financial Markets

5. Shared R&D and Global Sourcing

• Companies spread their research across multiple countries.
• Outsourcing is more of a rule than an exception.

6. Evolving Government Trade Policies

Governments try to attract foreign investments.

Consequences of Globalization

Pros

• Free Trade Objective: No borders, fewer tariffs, lower prices, cost reduction, open markets.
• More Employment: New jobs,

UNIT 5: Consumer Markets and Buyer Behavior

1. Model of Consumer Behavior

The buying decision is the focal point of a marketer’s effort. Marketers study consumer purchases to determine what, where, and how much consumers buy. The central question for marketers is: "How do consumers respond to various marketing efforts?" Stimuli, including the 4 Ps (product, price, place, and promotion) and economic, technological, social, and cultural factors, influence these responses. Marketers aim to understand how these stimuli are processed within the consumer's "black box." Buyer characteristics influence perception and reaction, while the decision process itself affects behavior.

2. Characteristics Affecting Consumer Behavior

2.1. Cultural Factors

a) Culture

Culture... Continue reading "Consumer Markets and Buyer Behavior: Key Influences" »

In recent years, there has been a growing debate about whether or not 16-year-old children should be allowed to vote. While some argue that it would be a positive step towards greater youth engagement in politics, others express concern about the potential risks and drawbacks of such a policy. In this essay, we will explore the advantages and disadvantages of allowing 16-year-olds to vote.

Advantages of Lowering the Voting Age

One of the main advantages of lowering the voting age to 16 is that it would give young people a greater say in decisions that affect their lives. Many 16-year-olds are already working, paying taxes, and contributing to society in other ways, so it makes sense to give them a voice in political matters as well. Additionally,... Continue reading "Should 16-Year-Olds Be Allowed to Vote? Pros and Cons" »

Constitutional Powers of Congress

Congress derives its powers from Article 1 of the Constitution.

Defining Constituency

A constituency is a body of voters in a specified area who elect a representative to a legislative body.

Differences Between the House and Senate

The House and Senate differ in terms, number of members, and legislative roles.

House of Representatives

• Often referred to as the "House."
• Comprises 435 voting members and 6 non-voting members (5 delegates, 1 resident commissioner).
• Considered the lower house.
• Responds more quickly to the needs of the people due to two-year terms.
• All laws dealing with revenue must originate in the House.

Senate

• Considered the upper house of the bicameral legislature.
• Has 100 seats or voting members.
• Six-year terms

Education: Past and Present

We live in an age where education has become a really important aspect of society. From a young age, everyone tries to teach us the best education and the best morals. Therefore, our parents are continuously searching for the best method to teach us what things we must or must not do in each situation. But is current education better than the old form of education, as nowadays teachers demand a lot of things from children?

A Look Back at Education Twenty Years Ago

Let us take a look at twenty years ago, when school and high school were completely different from the current school. The students saw the teachers as the most important figures in school, and they had great respect for them. But in reality, the teachers... Continue reading "Comparing Education: Past and Present Methods" »

Technology's Impact on Society

A Transformative Era

We live in an era defined by technology. Its presence is undeniable, permeating every aspect of our lives, from hospitals and supermarkets to universities. Recent years have witnessed a surge of innovation, dramatically reshaping our world. But how have public perceptions of technology evolved over time?

A Look Back

Fifty years ago, our grandparents navigated daily life without the technological conveniences we take for granted. Household chores and jobs were often performed manually. Imagine housewives lighting fires for cooking or using coal-powered irons. Many jobs lacked computers or other technological aids that simplify tasks today.

Advantages of Technological Advancements

Technological... Continue reading "Technological Advancements: Shaping the Future and Transforming Lives" »

Identities

Explore the nature of the self and what it is to be human.

• Lifestyles
• Health and wellbeing
• Beliefs and values
• Subcultures
• Language and identity
• What constitutes an identity?
• How do we express our identity?
• What ideas and images do we associate with a healthy lifestyle?
• How do language and culture contribute to form our identity?

Experiences

Explore and tell the stories of the events, experiences and journeys that shape our lives.

• Leisure activities
• Holidays and travel
• Life stories
• Rites of passage
• Customs and traditions
• Migration
• How does travel broaden our horizons?
• How does our past shape our present and our future?
• How and why do different cultures mark important moments in life?
• How would living in another culture affect our worldview?

Human ingenuity

Explore... Continue reading "Exploring Human Identities and Experiences" »