Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Social sciences

Features and Power of the State

The state possesses several key features: it lays down the laws which regulate social relations (laws made by parliament), oversees the enforcement of laws by the judiciary, and is responsible for maintaining order within its territory and ensuring external security. Furthermore, it holds competence in foreign policy, levies taxes, directs the economy, manages public services and facilities, and oversees collective infrastructures.

Core Functions of the Modern State

Some of the primary functions of the state include:

• Coordinating the regions and cities that comprise its territory.
• Distributing wealth and responsibilities to ensure compliance with laws and equal rights and duties.
• Ensuring the creation and maintenance

Factors Leading to the Industrial Revolution

1. Necessary Changes for the Revolution

What changes had to happen for the occurrence of the Industrial Revolution? The growth of population, the expansion of agriculture, and a change in economic mentality were essential.

2. European Population Until the 18th Century

What happened to the European population until the eighteenth century? The population grew slowly; the birth rate was high, but mortality was also high.

3. The Phenomenon of Rapid Population Growth

What do you call the phenomenon by which the population began to grow at a fast pace? It is called the Industrial Revolution.

4. Consequences of Population Increase

What were the consequences of the increase in population? It led to an increase in

The Distortion of the System: Patronage and Electoral Corruption

The theoretical model was not matched by political practice. The constitutional operation was deliberately adulterated by its own supporters from the very first elections. Governments were not changed or supported by the courts, but by a very different mechanism.

The Mechanism of Power Relay

When a party lacked experienced management, or when political leaders saw a need for a relay in the enjoyment of power, the Crown suggested the appointment of a new government. The new president was always the party leader who had been in opposition; they received their appointment alongside a decree dissolving Parliament and calling for new elections.

Election Fabrication and Control

The newly... Continue reading "Patronage and Electoral Corruption in the Restoration Era" »

Articulation of Liberalism in 19th Century Spain

Moderate and Progressive Political Parties

The two major political parties during the reign of Isabel II were the Moderates and the Progressives. Both represented liberalism and were expressions of the defense of a constitutional monarchy system.

• Moderates: A group composed of landowners, merchants, and intellectuals with conservative leanings. They utilized census suffrage to prevent the masses from accessing politics, defended the principle of shared sovereignty between the Cortes and the Crown, favored limiting individual rights (such as freedom of the press, assembly, and association), and defended the Catholic Church.
• Progressives: Dominated by the liberal bourgeoisie and the financial industry,

Espartero Regency: after the death of Maria Cristina Espartero was appointed regent, this was generally considered the leader of the progressive current, ruled with authoritarian mood when n gained support among liberals, do not hesitate to rely on moderate pra lso adopt some laws. K the 1st question was to resolve if the Regency era was unique or 3 persons, as advocated by most liberals, demanded to be regent Espartero unique and so he did. The way the government did manage to become members k him unconditional men to him. The work of his government was based on the sale of assets of the secular derexo. Another aspect of the government was a clear commitment x free trade, this aroused the suspicion of the opposition, accuse k Espartero lso... Continue reading "Law 19983 on" »

The Crisis of the Ancien Régime

France faced a severe economic crisis that impacted both the nobility and the clergy. As King Louis XVI increased taxes, the populace suffered. This unrest was fueled by Enlightenment ideals, which emphasized that knowledge and reason were essential to achieving truth and progress.

Key Philosophical Influences

• Montesquieu (1748): Advocated for the division of powers to prevent absolute dictatorship.
• Rousseau (1762): Promoted national sovereignty and the "general will," arguing that the people should hold the power to vote and govern.

The Failure of Reform

The bourgeoisie sought change within the existing political structure. King Louis XVI and his minister, Turgot, attempted to address the economic crisis by proposing... Continue reading "The Origins and Evolution of the French Revolution" »

Sociolinguistics

Sociolinguistics examines language use influenced by social context, including dialects and language contact situations.

Multilingualism and Language Contact

Multilingualism refers to the use of more than one language in a territory or by an individual. Language contact occurs when two or more languages coexist within a region.

Bilingualism

Bilingualism is the minimal expression of language contact, involving two languages. It can be:

• Individual: Two languages used by one person, which can be active (spoken and written) or passive (understood). It can be symmetric (both languages equally known) or asymmetric (one language dominant). It can be instrumental (practical use) or integrative (community integration).
• Territorial: Two linguistic

Minority Languages: A Sociolinguistic Perspective

Dominant and Recessive Languages

In communities with two languages in contact, the existing social hierarchy is often reproduced. A dominant language gradually encroaches upon the domains of a recessive language, leading to its displacement. This recessive, or minority, language becomes relegated to lower socio-cultural spheres, ignored or overlooked in higher domains where the dominant language prevails.

The term "minority language" is a sociolinguistic concept unrelated to the sheer number of speakers. A minority language may be spoken by a majority in a linguistic community (e.g., Galician), or it may not.

Challenges in Quantifying Languages

The complex social composition and constant population... Continue reading "Minority Languages: Sociolinguistic Considerations and Recovery Efforts" »

Migration & Return Support in Multicultural Society

• 1. Continuous Influx of Migrants 19

• 2. EU Policy on Migration 19

  • 2.1 Principles & Measures to Regulate Immigration Flows 19

  • 2.2 Social Policy Measures for Legal Immigrants' Quality of Life 20

  • 2.3 Development Cooperation with Origin Areas 20

• 3. Immigration Policy in Spain

  • 3.1 Administrative Policy Structure 21

  • 3.2 Regulatory Framework & Standards 21, 22

  • 3.3 Action Plans 23

• 4. Refugee Status: Policy Environment & Social Welfare Access

  • 4.1 Policy Framework 23

  • 4.2 Management Plans Structure 24

• 5. Care & Support for Migrant Return

  • 5.1 Framework of Standards 24

  • 5.2 Administrative Structure 24

  • 5.3 Action Plans 25

Minority Action: Specialized Care for Roma

• 1. Social & Historical Construction

Preparation of Standard Historical Perspective

The normalization of a language is a costly process. The first step involves fixing spelling, choosing a standard variety, and preparing dictionaries and grammars. No Galician dictionaries and grammars appear from 1860. However, in the twentieth century, proposals for common standards began to emerge. A clear example is Some Rules for the Unification of the Galician Language, published in 1933 by the Seminar of Galician Studies, followed by the publication of Standards for the Unification of the Galician Language in 1936.

Later, in the 1970s, the Royal Galician Academy (RAG) produced its first results in the standardization process: a Standard Galician Language (1970) and Rules of Spelling and Morphology