Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Social sciences

Foundational Concepts in Political Theory and Global Affairs

Inspirations for 20th-Century Liberalism

Which authors served as an inspiration for 20th-century liberalism? The key figures include:

• John Locke
• Adam Smith
• Jeremy Bentham

Goals of the Our Global Neighborhood Report (1995)

The 1995 Our Global Neighborhood report outlines several critical areas where global citizens must cooperate:

• To maintain peace and order.
• To expand economic activity.
• To tackle pollution and halt or minimize climate change.
• To combat pandemic diseases.
• To curb the spread of weapons.
• To prevent desertification and preserve genetic and species diversity.
• To deter terrorism and ward off famine.
• To defeat economic recession.
• To share scarce resources.
• To arrest drug traffickers.

The

Work Motivation & Job Design

1. Key Factors in Global Interaction

• Self-awareness
• Demographic impact
• Economic factors
• Technological influence
• Peace and stability
• Ethical considerations

2. The Global Village and Modern Communication

Nowadays, it seems that we truly live in the global village envisioned by Marshall McLuhan. Communication technology links us to events from remote places and connects us to people we have never met face-to-face.

The importance of technology in our everyday communication is increasing at an incredible speed. We use technology to communicate daily, for example:

• Instant messaging and social media platforms
• Video conferencing for global collaboration
• Email for professional correspondence

The internet and other communication technologies have tremendous implications... Continue reading "The Impact of Communication Technology on Global Culture" »

The Origins of Basque Nationalist Thought

While the exact author of the text remains unconfirmed, it is widely believed that Sabino Arana, or someone very close to him, penned these articles. These texts are a series of articles (rather than a formal law) that discuss the primary nationalist ideas prevalent during the creation of the first batzoki in the old part of Bilbao. Published in 1894 during the Spanish Restoration, this primary source appeared in a newspaper, meaning the target readers were the general citizenry.

Political and Economic Context in 19th Century Spain

The political situation was as follows: the country was in the later period of the Restoration settlement. The era of peaceful party rotation had already passed, leading into... Continue reading "Basque Nationalism and the 1894 Restoration Crisis" »

Introduction

Recent studies have shown high rates of frequency of school violence. According to these studies, this is a worldwide matter that affects over 200 million students, both children and adolescents. The aim of this report is to expand on the types of abuses found in schools and to indicate that a healthy environment is needed.

Development

First of all, it is of main importance to understand that the problem of school violence has various causes, not just one. Types of violence can be physical, as shown by the many cases of students being hit or punched by their peers. Such practices can also be a result of racism and bullying.

Secondly, there is also institutional violence, for instance, when teachers tend to favor male students, consequently... Continue reading "Addressing School Violence: Types, Causes, and Solutions" »

Ezra Pound's Indifference to Traditional Criticism

Pound remains entirely indifferent to three specific areas of literary study:

• History of criticism: He rejects traditional historical frameworks.
• Biographical approaches: He criticizes what he terms "washlist criticism," which places excessive importance on biographical data.
• Ahistorical analysis: His method judges a poem according to intrinsic qualities rather than the period in which it was written. He does not believe the passage of time affects the quality or consideration of a literary work.

The Timeless Nature of Poetry

Pound argues that poetry is "always the same; the changes are superficial." While styles, feelings, topics, and vocabulary evolve, the core remains constant.

"What we need is... Continue reading "Ezra Pound: Universal Literary Theory and Criticism" »

Victorianism: A Period of Transition (1840–1880)

The Victorian era (1840–1880) was characterized by profound doubts, significant changes, and hesitation. It was a period of great movement, connecting the old world with the new, the ancien régime with modernity, serving as a crucial transition toward the modernity of the 20th century.

Key Features Shaping Victorian Criticism

1. Growth of Literacy

   A large segment of the population gained the ability to read and write English. In 1807, a bill providing universal education was defeated by the British Parliament because the Napoleonic Wars introduced revolutionary ideas, and Parliament feared the English populace reading them. The bill was eventually passed in 1877.

2. Weakening of Religious Dogma

   Religious

The Rise of Basque Nationalism

Early Influences and Ideological Roots

The text explores the emergence of Basque nationalism, highlighting its connection to Carlism and the Catalan model. The Carlist motto, "God, King, and Fueros," resonated with Basque nationalism's emphasis on religion and fueros (traditional rights and privileges). Sabino Arana, a key figure in Basque nationalism, drew inspiration from the Catalan model during his studies in Barcelona.

Characteristics of Basque Identity

The author emphasizes the distinct characteristics of the Basque people, including their unique race, language, religion, traditions, and way of life. These characteristics, particularly the strong sense of cultural identity, fueled the movement for autonomy.... Continue reading "Basque Nationalism: Origins, Ideology, and Evolution" »

Major EU Treaties and Programs

Treaty of Paris (1951): established the European Coal and Steel Community. Treaty of Rome (1957): it constituted the European Economic Community, or Common Market, whose main objectives were the free movement of people, goods, services and capital and the Customs Union. Treaty on European Union (Maastricht Treaty, 1992): created the European Union and established economic and monetary union, common foreign and security policies, and cooperation in judicial and domestic matters. Creation of the euro (1999): the single currency came into circulation in 2002 in the majority of EU countries. Treaty of Lisbon (2007): it gave greater power to the European Parliament and allows for more participation of national parliaments... Continue reading "EU Treaties, Funds and Citizenship: Key Milestones" »

Understanding New Criticism

New Criticism is a significant critical movement characterized by renewal and innovation. It has two main branches:

• The British branch, known as Practical Criticism.
• The American branch, called New Criticism.

Originating in England in the 1920s, New Criticism reached America, where it found fertile ground for growth. It significantly influenced the study of literature and poetry in Western countries.

At the beginning of the 20th century, American critics were captivated by European, particularly British, art and culture. They experienced a sense of cultural inferiority, feeling limited to European or Native American traditions.

New Criticism's influence is undeniable; one must either oppose it or align with it. It is impossible... Continue reading "Understanding New Criticism: Origins and Impact" »