Notes, abstracts, papers, exams and problems of Social sciences

Theme: Progress

Text analysis: Persuasion

Technique:

• Logical appeal: this technique uses reason and evidence to support a position.

• Emotional appeal: This technique creates strong feelings, such as fear and anger, to influence readers' opinions.

• Ethical appeal: This technique refers to values and principles which the reader is likely to believe in strongly.

Reading skill: Recognize ideas

Victorian writers use complex sentence filled with phrases, clauses, and modifiers.

Strategies:

• Clarify meaning by identifying the main subject and verb of a sentence.

• Watch for patterns in the text, such as repeated sentence structures, that the author uses to organize thoughts.

• Once you identify the idea of a passage, reread it. Consider the details you initially skipped

Types of knowledge:

• Intuitive: acquired through direct experience with things, objects, people.
• Empirical: based on experience; does not explain reality.
• Magic relig: built on beliefs and supernatural ideas.
• Philosophical: guide for human beings in the search for knowing.
• Scientific: produced with a method of study for observing, analyzing, and reflecting on reality.

Human beings:

Characterized by reason and consciousness of their acts, with a natural desire to know.

Formal sciences:

Study conceptual entities like numbers, figures, and concepts.

Factual sciences:

Study natural events, including natural and social phenomena.

Social sciences:

Study human social relationships and institutions.

Methods of sociology:

Main methods include positivism, comparative,... Continue reading "Types of Knowledge and Human Sciences: A Comprehensive Overview" »

IMG a company has many images as each person hold different images of the company. Company manages its images and develops them by coordinating its internal operations to build a desired image in the minds of various target audiences. It can help to deliver good customer service or also recover from an episode of bad publicity. The company's image is formed by what people say about the company and what the company says about itself. Vision is crucial. As a conclusion, it is the total impression an organization makes on the mind of people, this tends to humanize them to see them much as they do human in terms of being mature, liberal, or friendly. A healthy image characterizes strong emotional response, appearance of power (feeling the power... Continue reading "Building a Strong Company Image: Elements and Dimensions" »

The Concept of Law

Distinction between Law and Right

Law

It is the set of principles and norms governing human relations in society. It is a comprehensive code addressing all aspects of personal and social interactions.

Right

It is the faculty or ability of every human being to act permissibly or demand what aligns with their dignity. Human rights are a clear example.

Types of Law

Positive Law (Derecho positivo)

The system of rules established by a particular state, applicable at a specific time and place. This is known as the legislation of a country.

Natural Law (Derecho natural)

A set of universal and immutable principles and rules. Positive law should align with natural law, as the latter establishes what is just, not merely legal.

Principles of Law

Principle

ALLEGORY:

ALLEGORY: It is a way of expressing a complex idea by means of simple visual images. It is not the same as metaphor (compares two things that are not similar and shows what they actually have in common), or symbolism (the isolated items that put together make the allegory), or a simile (which compares two things by stating its nature of comparison) or analogy (compares two things that actually do have in common). Sometimes, it depends on the own author the meaning he wants to assign to his pictures. An allegoric story must have two parts: the literal story and the figurative story that readers interpret following the lead of the author (the passing of time may inflict in this matter, which could lead to multiple meanings). Also, allegories... Continue reading "Understanding Allegory and Postcolonialism in Literature" »

Risk and Social Change

Reflexive Modernization and Risk Society

• Increasing Risks
• Increasing possibilities, options, decision-making alternatives
• Increasing reflexivity (reflexive modernity)
• Increasing the feeling of taking risks (Risk Society)

Reflexive Modernization: Beck, Giddens, and Lash

Reflexivity

• Beck: Focused on the role of unintended dynamics of modernity (non-knowledge), which are what cause the unintended risks.
• Giddens: It is precisely this knowledge that creates most of the manufactured risks that affect us (such as nuclear energy) and that replace the natural ones (such as earthquakes). Because of the knowledge...

Reflexive Modernization and Risk Society

Increasing the Feeling of Taking Risks (Risk Society)

Crisis of Meaning – Disenchantment

Individualization:

Introduction

In Ecuador, several sectors are predicted to be the most popular career preferences for young people in the next five years. These sectors include economics, technology, and the environment.

Economic Sector

The economic growth in Ecuador has created a positive effect on young people, leading them to learn about trade and the stock market. This has resulted in an increase in the number of young people choosing economics as a career path.

Technological Sector

The technological sector in Ecuador has been growing rapidly, creating a demand for innovative and creative workers. This sector includes fields such as creative design animation and information technology.

Environmental Sector

Climate change and environmental problems in Ecuador have... Continue reading "Popular Career Preferences for Young People in Ecuador" »

The Origins of the European Union

After World War II (1939-1945), the United States and the Soviet Union emerged as superpowers, dwarfing the power of European nations. To counterbalance this new world order and foster cooperation, European countries decided to establish a continent-wide organization.

Their objectives were twofold:

• To safeguard peace and prevent future conflicts.
• To collectively compete with the superpowers on the global stage.

Key Milestones in EU Formation

1950: On May 9th, French Foreign Minister Robert Schuman proposed the creation of a united Europe.

1951: Six countries—Germany, Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands—agreed to pool their coal and steel resources, forming the European Coal and Steel Community... Continue reading "The European Union: History, Institutions, and Challenges" »

A person might be ill in one respect but well or healthy in others, it means that illness and health there are not opposite, so illness is not a lack of health and being healthy does not mean a person is well in all respects (psychologically and physically). WHO defines health like a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. In the last 60 years, psychologists use the Disease Model, making miserable people less miserable. However one of the challenges of psychology nowadays is to discover how to promote health to get better people’s lives, it calls positive psychology. So the aim of this essay is to know how to promote health.

Martin Seligman proposes different techniques,... Continue reading "Promoting Health: Positive Actions and Behavior Change" »

Smart cities optimize the use of technology in the design and operation of infrastructure and buildings in a way that meets the current and future needs of their citizens.

There are few operating examples of smart cities across the world.

There is a need to combine integrated 'layers of smartness' that embrace not just resource efficiency but the promotion of good health, economic stability, a sense of shared community, and an ability to adapt to future challenges.

5G technology means evolving the concept of wireless connectivity to enable new ways of defining performance monitoring and assurance, as well as the quality of service. It is believed that 5G tech will be present in different sectors of daily human life such as finance, agriculture,... Continue reading "Smart Cities and the Impact of 5G Technology" »