Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Social sciences

Essential English for Travel and Socializing

Common Phrasal Verbs

• Go out: salir fuera
• Freshen up: lavarse
• Eat out: comer fuera
• Check in: registrarse
• Meet up with: quedar con alguien
• Show someone around: To act as a guide for someone in a new place; enseñar un lugar.
• Pick someone up: To collect someone, typically in a vehicle; recoger a alguien.
• Drop someone off: To take someone to a place and leave them there; dejar a alguien.

Useful Travel Nouns

• Sightseeing: Visiting interesting buildings and places as a tourist.
• Conference: A large meeting where people with the same work or interest come together.
• Venue: The place where a conference or a big event is held.
• Facilities: Space, equipment, and services provided.
• Nightlife: Things to do in the evening.

Vocabulary

Unit 7: From Camelot to Vietnam: America in Upheaval

Post-War Economic Prosperity

The aftermath of the war brought economic affluence to America and the rise of the middle class. This expansion was a direct consequence of the G.I. Bill (Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944), which facilitated the transformation of a war economy into a civilian one. Consequently, the United States established itself as a global leader.

This era saw the foundation of international organizations such as the United Nations, NATO, and the IMF (International Monetary Fund). These institutions served as interventionist tools, with headquarters based in the United States, which utilized neoclassical political, economic, and military strategies.

The Cold War Era

The confrontation... Continue reading "Post-War America: Cold War, McCarthyism, and the 1960 Election" »

The 100 Most Influential People of 2017

Our annual list of the 100 Most Influential People examines the intersection of accomplishment and renown. As in years past, this year's list includes Presidents and Prime Ministers, CEOs, and celebrities—but they are joined by others of less fame but great force, recognized for the power of their inventions, the scale of their ambitions, and the genius of their solutions to problems that no one before them could solve.

A Complex Global Landscape

Some years, the list has the feel of a loose, lively dinner party—people who mostly don't know one another but would get along if they did. This year is a bit more complicated. These past 12 months have sharpened our edges as political debates in the U.S., Europe,... Continue reading "The 100 Most Influential People of 2017: Shaping Our World" »

Articles of Confederation

An agreement among the thirteen original states, approved in 1781, that provided a loose federal government before the present Constitution went into effect in 1789. There was no chief executive or judiciary, and the legislature of the Confederation had no authority to collect taxes.

Common Sense

Sound and prudent judgment based on a simple perception of the situation or facts.

Declaration of Independence

The proclamation made by the Second American Continental Congress on July 4, 1776, which asserted the freedom and independence of the 13 Colonies from Great Britain.

Hessian

A native of Hesse; a German mercenary serving in the British forces during the American Revolution.

Loyalist

A person who remained loyal to the British... Continue reading "Key Terms of the American Revolutionary Era" »

NORMS AFFECTING TRANSLATION: According to Toury Preliminary norms (which includes translation policy and directness of translation) Operational norms (Matricial norms, Textual-linguistic norms).

Teleworking, also known as remote work, has become more relevant in recent years due to the accelerated digital transformation that the world of work has experienced. This modality of work refers to the possibility of carrying out tasks from any place that has Internet access, allowing employees to have more flexibility in terms of hours and geographic location.

Among the benefits of teleworking are the reduction of costs for the company in terms of infrastructure and services, the reduction of travel time for employees, the possibility of working with professionals from anywhere in the world and the improvement of the reconciliation between work and personal life. Additionally, it can be a viable option for people with disabilities or travel... Continue reading "How do computers affect the way people work spend free time?" »

Moon Phases and the Lunar Cycle

New Moon: The Moon's unilluminated side is facing the Earth. The Moon is not visible, except during a solar eclipse.

First Quarter: One-half of the Moon appears to be illuminated by direct sunlight. The fraction of the Moon's disk that is illuminated is increasing.

Full Moon: The Moon's illuminated side is facing the Earth. The Moon appears to be completely illuminated by direct sunlight.

Last Quarter: One-half of the Moon appears to be illuminated by direct sunlight. The fraction of the Moon's disk that is illuminated is decreasing.

The Lunar Month

A complete cycle (one lunar month) lasts approximately 28 days.

Solar and Lunar Eclipses

The Solar Eclipse

A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between the Sun and... Continue reading "Lunar Phases, Eclipses, and Celestial Phenomena" »

Chartism Movement (1838-1848)

Between 1838 and 1848, the British labor movement engaged in political action through Chartism. This movement in England sought to pressure Parliament by collecting signatures in support of certain letters which claimed specific rights. In one of these, in 1838, a democratic program based on universal male suffrage was defined. Chartism organized strikes, but the movement failed because of repression, internal divisions, and the defeat of the revolution of 1848 in Europe.

Workers met in republican and leftist organizations in favor of universal male suffrage. After that revolution, socialist doctrines began to create class parties, exclusively for workers.

Utopian Socialism

Utopian socialism is a term that designates... Continue reading "British Chartism and Utopian Socialists" »

Introduction

This study examines the origins and development of new technologies, exploring their impact on both businesses and society.

Origin of New Technologies

The technological boom of the 1990s, marked by the birth of the internet and the end of the Cold War, laid the foundation for the rapid advancement of new technologies. This period ushered in an era of globalization, with economies worldwide striving for technological and economic progress. The emergence of advanced computers with operating systems like Windows NT, 95, 98, XP, and iOS revolutionized business operations by streamlining administrative processes.

Effects of New Technologies on Society

Technological advancements have significantly impacted society, particularly in the realm... Continue reading "Impact of New Technologies on Business and Society" »

NATO: resort to force

- Bombing carried out by NATO: 14 members on basis of shame with failure of diplomacy to end Yugoslav wars from 1991-1995

- Also out of concern that Kosovar Albanians 100% of Kosovo’s population were at risk of ethnic cleansing

- War done without explicit approval of UNSC on basis that Russia and China would veto any notion for military action and that public would not support action that was explicitly rejected by the council

- All recommendations, resolutions and votes of institutions, including EU, NATO, OSCE and UN were being ignored for violated by Yugoslav forces, leaving military action as only option left.

- Although intervention only carried out in support of UNSC revolutions and with authorization, there was no... Continue reading "NATO Intervention in Yugoslav Wars: Legal and Ethical Considerations" »