Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Social sciences

Applied Linguistics

The need for applied linguistics.

We should set out to investigate and understand the facts of language use, to organize and formalize what we know, and to subject our knowledge to rational consideration and critical analysis. This is the aim of applied linguistics, the academic discipline concerned with the relation of knowledge about language to decision making in the real world.

Examples and procedures.

Applied linguistics sets out to investigate problems in the world in which language is implicated. It is these processes of study, reflection, investigation, and action which constitute applied linguistics as an academic discipline.

The scope of applied linguistics.

There is clearly a large and disparate activities to which...

Thomas More's Utopia (1516)

The Concept of Utopia

Utopia explores the idea of a perfect society, a concept that, by definition, cannot be achieved in reality. Moore coined the term "utopia" to describe this ideal.

Social Criticism and the Emerging State

The book applies reason to social criticism and examines the emerging state. The first half of Utopia describes an unjust society grappling with issues like enclosure, monetary policy, and rural emigration (dissolution of feudal mores). These problems, prevalent for generations, reflect the challenges faced by English society at the time.

Zeitgeist and Dystopias

Zeitgeist, or spirit of the time, refers to the dominant assumptions shaping a particular era. In the context of Utopia, it encompasses the...

The European Union: A Historical Overview

Multidimensional Missions

Effective consent-based missions often include:

• Election monitoring
• Human rights training
• Police reform
• Mine clearing
• Security training
• Refugee resettlement
• Monetary reconstruction

Organizing Regionally

The European Union (EU), a centuries-old idea, was championed by Jean Monnet, one of its founders. Monnet believed that post-World War II economic integration could further undermine the weakened forces of nationalism. The EU's creation and development began as a functionalist idea, with some advocating for a more federalist approach. It can be viewed as a response to the pitfalls of the capitalist "race to the bottom."

Birth of the European Union

• 1951: European Coal and Steel Community:

1. Conservatism, Liberalism, Socialism, and Communism Explained

Conservatism (1815-1860)

• Conservatism is a political and social philosophy promoting traditional social institutions in the context of culture and civilization. The central tenets of conservatism include tradition, human imperfection, organic solidarity, hierarchy, authority, and property rights.
• Human beings are better off when guided and sheltered by authority.
• It is opposed to the ideals of Liberalism and Socialism.
• Highest goods: stability, security, order.
• Free individuals are willing to sin.
• Enemy: those seeking freedom from tradition.
• Social stability requires physical force.
• During the Continental System, France demanded money and men from dependent countries in Europe. Europeans

-TYPE F TXT:Primary source. As regards the form, as it's decree=legal text/Content→political text    Law of adaptation of the Basque Fueros (1839)

-AUTHOR:Spanish Cortes+Regent Maria Cristina. Ratified by the liberal government    Introduction

-ADDRESSED: Mainly the→inhabitants of Basque provinces, therefore, is a public text

-OBJECTIVE:Adapt the Fueros to the constitution (insert them in the constitutional framework)

-LOCA+DATE: 1839. Approved during the regency of Maria Cristina (minority of Isabella II’s age)/End of 1st Carlist war with the signing of the Bergara agreement between Maroto and Espartero

Main idea: Adapt+take fueros to constitutional framework (1837 in power) So, urged legal reform of them

Intro: The Carlists who have...

The ability of a firm to produce good performance depends on the strategy of an organization. The strategy of an organization, in turn, depends on the environment and culture of an organization. The environment is the sum name of all those factors and forces which not only surround an organization but also affect the way it works and its performance (external factors outside the organization and internal factors within the organization). Culture is the way an organization and its people work. Usually known as organizational culture, it includes:

• Values: Easy to identify, they are explicit, and used to be different from formal statements.
• Beliefs: Specific, discerned in how people talk about issues the organization faces.
• Behaviors: Day-to-day

Slide 1: Remembering the Good and Bad Times at 11

Slide 1: Remember the good and bad times when you were 11 years old? (rhetorical question) Well, Today's presentation will give you deeper insight into the key messages behind the documentary of 'I am Eleven', commentary by Genevieve Bailey. My ideas, opinion and explanations of elements in the documentary connected to my personal life will be expressed. I will share some of my thoughts and experiences as an 11-year-old and how it has changed the way I am today.

Slide 2: Shifting to Australia at 11

Slide 2: First of all, shifting to Australia at the age of 11 was a difficult process. There was a lot of new things to discover and experiencing these moments, meeting new people and getting used to...

Socialist Traditions: Utopian Socialism

Defining Utopian Socialism

Utopian socialism is a label used to define the first current of modern socialist thought, with the term originating around 1843. It was invented to convey a negative attitude towards its proponents, suggesting a failure to root their ideas in rigorous social, economic, and political analysis.

Their most important contribution was the delineation of projects for a new, ideal society.

Key Utopian Socialist Thinkers

The most influential authors of that time were:

• Étienne Cabet: His most relevant contribution was the utopian novel Voyage to Icaria, where he described a society founded on the basis of perfect equality in all aspects of life.
• Henri Saint-Simon: He wanted to develop a society

Cost-Effectiveness Analysis

Cost-effectiveness analysis ranks policies based on their costs for achieving a defined objective. This analysis is implemented when there is no reasonable consensus on how the relevant costs and benefits can be evaluated. Cost-effectiveness doesn’t evaluate the worthiness of a project based on its benefits relative to costs; instead, it takes some outcome or goal as given and evaluates the efficiency of the various options for achieving it. For example, if policymakers decide to reduce CO2 emissions by 10%, there would be many ways of achieving this goal.

Institutions in Public Policy

Institutions are the laws, organizations, and unwritten rules that make public policy possible. Groups ranging from a handful of homeowners...

A

527 Organization

A political group organized under section 527 of the IRS.

Amicus Curiae Brief

Literally, a "friend of the court" brief, filed by an individual or organization to present arguments in addition to those presented by the immediate parties to a case.

B

Boycott

A form of pressure or protest – an organized refusal to purchase a product or service.

Bundling

A tactic in which PACs collect contributions from like-minded individuals (each limited by campaign finance laws) and present them to a candidate or political party as a "bundle," thus increasing the PAC's influence.

C

Campaign Assistance

Interest groups have additional strategies to use in campaigns, including recruiting and training candidates, and getting out the vote.

Climate Control

The...