Notes, abstracts, papers, exams and problems of Secondary education

Just 2.5% of water on Earth is fresh water. About 69% of that fresh water is frozen. This means that less than 1% of water on Earth is drinkable.

1. The Atmosphere

1. The atmosphere

Earth's gaseous atmosphere is mostly nitrogen & oxygen. It also contains argon, carbon dioxide, ozone & water vapor.

Earth's atmosphere has an upper limit of 10,000 kilometers.

Most of the gases are found in the lowest 15 kilometers.

ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE

The gases in the atmosphere push down on Earth's surface.

The weight of all these gases is called atmospheric pressure.

We measure atmospheric pressure in standard units called pascals. 1 standard atmosphere = 101.325 pascals.

There is more pressure at lower altitudes, near Earth's surface. There is less pressure at... Continue reading "Earth's Fluid Spheres: Atmosphere and Hydrosphere" »

1. Bad-tempered (about): angry, annoyed

2. Cheerful (about): happy and positive

3. Content (with): pleased with your situation and not hoping for change or improvement

4. Down (about): unhappy and depressed

5. Fed up (with): annoyed or bored by something that you have experienced for too long

6. Irritated (by): annoyed

7. Optimistic (about: always believing that good things will happen

8. Anxious (about): worried and nervous

9. Concerned (about): worried

10. Depressed (about): unhappy and without hope for the future

11. Furious (with): Extremely angry

12. Over the moon (about): very pleased

13. Pessimistic (about): always believing that bad things are likely to happen

14. Petrified (of): extremely frightened

15. Relieved (about): happy that something unpleasant has not happened or has ended

16. Scared (of): frightened

DISTILATION PROCESS: ELEMENTS

• Thermometer: measure the temperature of the vapor
• The stopper: hold the thermometer
• The Bunsen Burner: heat the liquid
• The tube at the top of the condenser: conduct the cool water away
• The cool water: cool the vaporized alcohol
• The tube at the bottom of the condenser: conduct cool water in
• The receiving flask: collect the condensed alcohol
• The stand (soporte): maintain an upright or vertical position
• The clamps (pinzas): support the wire
• The wire gauze (rejilla de alambre): spread the flame out
• The ring clamps (pinzas de anilla): grip the flask and the condenser

ORDER

1. Distillation is used...
2. To separate a mixture of liquids...
3. Distillation is a widely used method...
4. The gas is then condensed...
5. Although the term is mostly common.

   anticyclone->air mass with high atmosph. Pressure

depression->air mass with LOW

S-H-depression->clockwise * N-H-anticyc->clock

isobar-lines of equal pressure/const.Pressure on weathe map

*heated air rises>air condenses,clouds form>descending air is dry>little rain falls here>sun heats ground>air rises cool>warm moist winds>rain falls

*Precipitation zones>humid warm,dry warm,humid tempe,dry cold

*clouds>cirrus,stratus,cumulus,nimbus,altocumulus,numbostratus

*precipitation factors>air pressure,humidity,ocean currents,atmospheric circulation,

*air mass>arctic and antarctic->cold and dry, polar air mass, tropical, equatorial

*fronts->warm,cold,stationary,occluded

*cyclone>N.H.-anti,  S.H.-clock

*... Continue reading "Given dry operating mass 5210 zero fuel mass" »

Receptors

Internal receptors perceive changes inside the body, such as a rise in blood pressure. External receptors perceive stimuli in the external environment.

Types of Receptors

• Mechanoreceptors: Perceive mechanical stimuli (pressure).
• Thermoreceptors: Perceive changes in temperature.
• Chemoreceptors: Detect chemical substances in the air, water, etc.
• Nociceptors: Perceive pain stimuli.
• Photoreceptors: Light sensitive.

Nervous System

The nervous system analyzes internal and external stimuli perceived by receptors, generating responses. It carries out this function through nerve impulses transmitted by cells called neurons. This system coordinates fast, short-lived responses (e.g., muscle contraction).

Endocrine System

The endocrine system is made up... Continue reading "Sensory Systems and Nervous Coordination" »

Interaction and Homeostasis

Interaction includes a series of processes whose object is to adapt the body to changing conditions in the internal and external environment. It connects and coordinates the different parts of our body so that they work together.

Homeostasis is the process that maintains the body's stability when there are changes in the internal environment. This process works as a feedback device, meaning that when a variation is detected in a particular element, a series of mechanisms in the body start up to make the variation return to its normal state.

Systems Participating in the Interaction Process

• Sensory Organs: Capture the stimulus, which is transformed into a nerve impulse and transmitted to the nervous system.
• Nervous System:

TRAINING SESSIONS

Who wants to learn to sing? We are holding coaching activities for new members on Monday and Friday in the afternoon. Meet in the auditorium of Lorca at five o'clock.

SOCIAL EVENTS

We are very happy to announce that the club is organizing a show about song pop for all members next Saturday at eight o'clock in the auditorium of Lorca. In this show, old members usually give new members singing tricks.

VISIT FROM JASON HADDERLY

All members can go to the conference with singer David Bisbal, who is going to talk about the types of songs.

NEW CLUB WEBSITE

We're pleased to announce that we're launching a club website to inform members of all the events in Lorca about music. Don't forget to register your email address to receive all the... Continue reading "Club Events and Activities in Lorca: Singing Training, Social Show, Conference, and Website Launch" »

Water: Properties and Cycle

Properties of Water

Freshwater: Salinity below 35g/L.

Saltwater (Ocean Water): Salinity over 35g/L.

General Properties: Colorless, odorless, tasteless. Higher density in liquid state than solid state. Universal solvent. High heat capacity. Facilitates many chemical reactions. Exhibits adhesive capacity.

States of Water

• Solid (S)
• Liquid (L)
• Gas (G)

Transitions: S --(fusion)--> L --(vaporization)--> G --(condensation)--> L --(solidification)--> S S --(sublimation)--> G --(inverse sublimation)--> S

Water as a Thermal Regulator

Water's high heat capacity means significant temperature changes require large amounts of energy. This explains why coastal regions experience milder climates compared to inland areas.

The

Economic Growth and Industrial Expansion (1870-1914)

This period witnessed the most significant increase in economic growth ever recorded in such a short time. The standard of living improved considerably in industrialized countries.

Expansion of Industrialization (1870-1914)

• Russia and Spain: Their factories were concentrated in specific regions, and their economies were not fully industrialized.
• Germany: Became the world's leading manufacturer of chemical products.
• United States: Became the leading industrial power thanks to its economic dynamism and the presence of great inventors.
• Japan: In 1868, it began to modernize intensively with the advice of European and North American technicians.

The Rise of Corporations

A characteristic of this period... Continue reading "Industrialization and Social Change: 1870-1914" »