Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Secondary education

Vocabulary

Prefixes

• re/over/under: overeat, reshape, overspend, overproduce, undercook, redesign, resend
• anti/inter/multi/over/pro: inter/over/proactive, multicolored, prodemocracy, overeat, multiethnic, intergalactic, antiglobalization, multi/international, overproduce, multipurpose, antisocial, overspend, multistorey, anti/protechnology
• Negative prefixes: disobedient, disorganized, illegal, illiterate, immoral, impatient, inadequate, incredible, irrelevant, irresponsible, unbelievable, unhelpful, unsafe.

Other

• Inspired: inspirado
• Innovative: innovado
• Replaced: reemplazado
• Discover: descubierto
• Developed: desenvolvido
• Invented: inventado
• Observed: observado
• Researched: buscado
• Created: creado
• Designed: diseñado
• Adapted: adaptado
• Genre of films: adventure,

Heat-Treatable Wrought Aluminum Alloys

Heat-treatable wrought aluminum alloys possess medium-high mechanical strength, which is significantly higher than that of non-heat-treatable alloys.

2xxx Series: High-Strength Al-Cu Alloys

The 2xxx series (Al-Cu) utilizes copper as the primary alloying element, often with additions of Mg, Mn, Si, and Ni (as well as Ti, Cr, or Zr). Ternary Al-Cu-Mg alloys, known as "duralumin," exhibit high solubility at high temperatures.

• High-Temperature Aging: This process results in superior mechanical properties, with the maximum temperature limited by the solidus temperature (T-solidus).
• Overheating: Excessive heat leads to low Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS) and reduced ductility due to intergranular cracks and high

The Reign of Charles IV (1788–1808)

• Charles III died, and Charles IV inherited the throne, marking the beginning of a period influenced by the French Revolution.
• Frontiers were blocked, and Enlightenment reforms ended due to fear of the revolutionary wave spreading from France.
• Following the execution of Louis XVI, Spain and France started a war, which ended with the Treaty of Basel (1795). Spain ceded its part of Hispaniola to France, while Gipuzkoa was returned to Spain.
• Manuel Godoy and Napoleon signed the Treaty of Fontainebleau (1807): an alliance to invade Portugal. However, invading Spain was also part of the French plans.
• The Aranjuez Mutiny (1808): A popular uprising against Godoy, supported by Ferdinand, the heir to the throne. This

1. What are the innermost layers of Earth?

The inner core is the innermost physical layer of the Earth. The core is the innermost chemical layer.

2. What evidence indicates that the outer core is liquid?

Evidence from earthquake waves indicates that the outer core is liquid.

3. How does Earth generate a magnetic field?

It surrounds Earth.

4. Compare the lithosphere and the asthenosphere

The lithosphere is a rigid layer. The asthenosphere is a plastic layer.

5. How is the crust different from the mantle?

The mantle has more iron. The crust is less dense than the mantle.

6. What are the four layers of the mantle?

• Lithosphere
• Asthenosphere
• Uppermost mantle
• Lower mantle

7. Which layer of the mantle has the greatest pressure? Explain

The lower mantle because pressure... Continue reading "Earth's Layers and Systems: Composition and Properties" »

Film Vocabulary

Key Terms

• Director
• Stuntman/woman
• Stunt
• Film star
• Script
• Star in a film
• Special effects
• Producer
• Plot
• Soundtrack
• Win an award
• Release a film
• Film a scene
• Screen

Grammar: Future Tenses

• Future Simple: will + base verb (e.g., Most films will probably be 3D.)
• Future with going to: is/are going to + base verb (e.g., James Cameron is going to release 3D versions of some old films.)

Vocabulary: Action Verbs

• Suggest
• Develop
• Equip
• Predict
• Advertise
• Educate
• Enjoy
• Possess
• Argue
• Decorate
• Connect
• Excite
• Inform
• Compete

Grammar: First Conditional

If + present simple, will + base verb (e.g., If I win, they will let me go to film school.)

Social Etiquette

Vocabulary: Social Interactions

• Bring a present
• Be late
• Click your fingers
• Interrupt a conversation
• Jump a queue
• Tell jokes
• Arrive

Reported Speech

• Present Simple → Past Simple
• Present Continuous → Past Continuous
• Present Perfect → Past Perfect
• Future with will → Future in the Past
• Imperative → Infinitive
• I / We → He / She / They
• My / Our → His / Her / Their
• Your → My / Her / His / Their
• Here → There
• Now / At the moment → Then / At the time
• Today → That day
• Tomorrow → The next day / The following day
• Yesterday → The day before / The previous day
• This → That
• Last → The previous / Before

Zero Conditional

If + present tense → present tense or infinitive

Use: General truths, habitual actions, repeated events, or instructions.

First Conditional

If + present simple → will

Use: To talk about a possible future event. If can appear at the beginning or in the middle... Continue reading "English Grammar Essentials: Reported Speech & Verb Forms" »

vocabulary: affectionate, cruel, honest, bossy sensible, jealous, selfish, spoilt, cheerful, lazy, witty, brave, mean, imaginative, handsome, punctual, stubborn, patient, sympathetic, sensitive, irresponsable, reliable, generous, moddy, prejudiced, polite, sociable, friendly, rude, modest

1) music, rithym, lyrics, play music on the radio, a live concert, gig, performance, broadcast live, crow, audience, spectator (sport), fans, musicias, stage, star quality // do, go, have, play, watch // computer, games, dvd, fil, football, friends round, guitar, pizza, running, shopping, theatre, television, yoga, track, make up for, mainstream, // perform, take part in, participate, join in, sing a solo, performer, orchestra, band, participate, festival,... Continue reading "Law 19983 on" »

The Bharatiya Janata Party: India's Political Powerhouse

The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) is one of the two major parties in the Indian political system, the other being the Indian National Congress. Established in 1980, it stands as India's second-largest political party in terms of representation in both the Parliament and various state assemblies.

Core Ideology and Principles

The BJP designates its official ideology and central philosophy as "Integral Humanism," based upon a 1965 book by Deendayal Upadhyaya. The party advocates for:

• Hindu nationalism
• Social conservatism
• Self-reliance, as outlined by the Swadeshi movement
• A foreign policy centered around key nationalist principles.

The party's platform is generally considered to be on the right-wing... Continue reading "Bharatiya Janata Party: India's Political Powerhouse" »

Sulfur in Prokaryotes

In prokaryotes, sulfur is most often stored as elemental (S0) granules that can be deposited intracellularly or extracellularly. Sulfur granules are especially common in bacteria that use hydrogen sulfide as an electron source.

DNA Structural Components

Do you know the specific structural setup for the DNA molecule? Bases, phosphate, sugar, etc.

A nucleoside consists of a sugar and a nitrogenous base. A nucleotide consists of a phosphate group, a five-carbon sugar, and a nitrogenous base (purines: adenine and guanine; pyrimidines: cytosine and thymine).

Function of Cellulose

Makes cell walls. Cellulose is the main structural component of plant cell walls and provides rigidity and support.

Translating mRNA Codons

Know how to translate... Continue reading "Cell Biology Essentials: DNA, Translation, Cells & Metabolism" »

European States: Diversity and Characteristics

Europe is divided into 49 countries. Differences between states include:

• Size: Russia is the largest, while micro-states are the smallest.
• Population: Russia also has the largest population.
• Wealth: Germany possesses the most economic power.
• Regional Differences: Western Europe is the most developed zone, while former Soviet Europe (Eastern Europe) is the largest in terms of area.

The European Union: Origins and Purpose

After World War II, the United States and the Soviet Union emerged stronger than other European countries. European countries created a continent-wide organization to consolidate peace, prevent wars, and compete collectively against these superpowers. In 1957, six European countries signed... Continue reading "The European Union: Structure, Evolution, and Key Institutions" »