Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Secondary education

Series of articles of the BAS of 79 (still in use). Legal text. Signed by Adolfo Suarez. The author was usually the autonomous governor of the region. The document is the confirmation of the BAS. First level.

Context: Back to the end of Franco's reign and transition. After Franco's death, the government changed. Suarez was introduced as a co-operator and started making reforms. First, the Political Reform Bill was submitted to a referendum. Once approved, it marked the opening to democracy. Elections were held. In the central government, UCD was the winner. In the Basque Country, PNV won. They began writing the 78 Constitution, which established a democratic national sovereignty and a constitutional monarchy. The two chambers, Congress and Senate,

Background

In a time of chaos, a great leader rises to power by promising to restore order. He rewards the loyal followers who have helped him. Soon he grows so powerful and arrogant that even his followers no longer trust him and conspire to kill him. In the hands of William Shakespeare, this true story from history became a great tragic drama, The Tragedy of Julius Caesar.

Full title

The Tragedy of Julius Caesar

Author

William Shakespeare

Type of work

Play

Genre

Tragic drama, historical drama

Language

Old English

Time and place written

1599, in London

Climax

Cassius’s death (V.iii), upon ordering his servant, Pindarus, to stab him, marks the point at which it becomes clear that the murdered Caesar has been avenged, and that Cassius, Brutus, and the other...

Common English Phrasal Verbs

Get

• Get Up: Rise to your feet.
• Get Across: Make something understood.
• Get Along: Have a friendly relationship.
• Get Away: Go on vacation or escape.
• Get By: Manage to survive despite difficulties.
• Get Down: Become serious about something.
• Get In: Enter a place or arrive.
• Get Out: Become known or leave a place.
• Get On: Start or continue an activity.
• Get Off: Leave a vehicle or stop an activity.
• Get Over: Recover from or overcome something.
• Get Through: Finish something successfully.
• Get Rid Of: Throw something away.
• Get Around: Avoid a problem or difficulty.
• Get At: Criticize repeatedly.
• Get Wound Up: Become angry or agitated.
• Get Good At: Improve through practice.
• Get About: Move from place to place.
• Get After: Reprimand or pursue someone.

The Carlist Wars (1833-1875): Liberal Opposition

The Succession Problem

In the later years of Ferdinand VII's life, a succession crisis emerged. In October 1830, his fourth wife, Maria Cristina de Borbón, gave birth to Isabella II. Anticipating the possibility of a female heir, Ferdinand VII approved the Pragmatic Sanction, abolishing the Salic Law of 1713, which prevented women from inheriting the throne. This act disinherited Carlos María Isidro, the king's brother and previous heir. Carlos refused to recognize his niece's right to the throne.

The First Carlist War (1833-1839)

Following Ferdinand VII's death in September 1833, armed uprisings supporting Carlos began, initiating a seven-year civil war. This conflict reflected a deep political...

Italian Unification

Background

In 1848, Italy was divided into seven kingdoms. There was a strong desire to unify the country, but discussions arose about who should lead the process:

• The Pope (Pius IX) was considered, but he refused to fight against the Austrians.
• The King of Piedmont, governed by the House of Savoy, was the other option.

Ultimately, the House of Savoy was chosen to lead the unification process.

1st Stage (1859-1861)

Piedmont, under its Prime Minister Cavour, secured the support of France (Napoleon III) in exchange for Nice and Savoy. The Austrians were defeated in Magenta and Solferino, leading to the annexation of Lombardy and Central Italy by the Italians. In the south, Garibaldi, with his "Thousand Red Shirts" (or "Expedition...

The Origins of Rome

Around 800 BC, three main peoples inhabited the Italian Peninsula: the Etruscans lived in the north, the Latins occupied the center, and the Greeks founded colonies in the south. The Mediterranean Sea was crucial to this vast empire; the Romans called it "Mare Nostrum" (Our Sea).

The Roman Monarchy (753 BC – 509 BC)

During this period, an elected king was chosen by the patricians, who were wealthy and influential citizens. A Senate, composed of members from prominent families, advised the king.

The Roman Republic (509 BC – 27 BC)

The Republic was established after the expulsion of the Etruscans. Governance was divided among several bodies:

• The Comitia: Assemblies where Roman citizens voted on laws and elected magistrates.
• Magistrates:

The Reign of Carlos IV and the French Revolution

Carlos IV's reign began in 1788. He initially seemed to follow in his father's footsteps, favoring a reformist monarchy based on the principles of the Enlightenment. However, with the start of the French Revolution, his government panicked and repressed all revolutionary ideas through the Inquisition. When Louis XVI of France, Carlos IV’s cousin, was tried and executed, Spain sent troops to fight the National Convention, but they had little success.

When Napoleon came to power in 1799, Spain’s new Prime Minister, Manuel Godoy, returned to the policy of alliances with France, following the 18th-century tradition of the Pactos de Familia. The Spanish fleet joined forces with the French to implement...

Countries, Nationalities, and Languages

This table provides a list of countries, their corresponding nationalities, and the languages spoken in each country.