Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Religion

Daoism: The Way of Harmony

Dao means “way” or “path”. In Daoism, it is the primary source of the cosmos, the very ground of all being; therefore, Ch’i (breath, force, power, material energy) embodies the idea of the cosmos. However, Wu Wei (actionless action) seemingly contradicts Dao because these actions don't appear as a defined path or way one might traditionally follow to reach a final destination.

Buddhism: Paths to Enlightenment

Theravada Buddhism

Theravada Buddhism is considered more traditional, with the goal being to become an Arhat (a perfected saint).

Mahayana Buddhism

Mahayana Buddhism is more fluid, with the goal being to become a bodhisattva, a guide to Nirvana.

Both are the two most practiced forms of Buddhism. Mahayana saw... Continue reading "Comparative Religion: Paths to Enlightenment and Salvation" »

The significance of the parable of the mustard seed is that it is a metaphor for the kingdom of heaven. The mustard seed starts as the smallest seed, but as it grows, and the faith begins to spread, it will eventually become the biggest plant and this represents how more faith leads to a more prominent kingdom of heaven. Mustard seed is faith, bush is kingdom of God, and birds are the people.

In the story of the rich man, Jesus tells the rich man to give up all of his wealth to the poor if he wants to enter into heaven. The widow contributes a small amount of money to the offering, which may not seem like a lot of money, but to her it is a lot. In both narratives, Jesus is saying how it is important to give up what you can to others in order... Continue reading "Significance of Parables and Stories in Mark's Gospel" »

The Kingdom's Meaning and Impact

Jesus preached about a transformed reality for Earth called the "Kingdom of God," offering a new reality for humans to experience heaven and God's presence of love and justice on Earth. This concept of social justice closely resembled Jewish law, but Jesus' message resonated more widely. Herbert McCabe even stated, "Jesus dies of being human."

During his time on Earth, Jesus' teachings about the "Kingdom of God" held profound implications for humanity. His parable (Matthew 13:36-43) explains this Kingdom as a separation between the good and the bad after death, concluding with, "He who has ears, let them hear." This emphasizes the potential for reformation; those who heed God's word can be included in the Kingdom,... Continue reading "Jesus' Kingdom of God: A New Reality for Humanity" »

The five pillars of Islam

Prayer- Salat. Giving of alms- Zakat. Ramafan- Sawm. Pilgrimage to Mecca- Hajj. Faith-

The three events that signify the end of the Middle Ages

Holy Roman Empire: This title was given by the pope to a Carolingian king in 800 AD.

Charles Martel: “The Hammer” This Frankish king halted the Muslim invasion of Europe at the Battle of Tours.

Mecca: Holy city destination of pilgrimage.

Carolingian Renaissance: Named for the dynasty during which it occurred, this period of revitalization attempted to standardize language and another liturgy. All church followed same policies.

Gregory VII: Responsible for instituting a number of reforms, this pope clashed with the Holy Roman Emperor in the Investiture Controversy.

Toleration argument:... Continue reading "The Five Pillars of Islam and the End of the Middle Ages" »

Justice

The cardinal moral virtue that compels us to render to God and our neighbors what is rightfully theirs.

Common Good

The sum total of social conditions that enable individuals and groups to flourish and reach their full potential.

Social Sin

The impact of individual sins on society, creating structures that perpetuate injustice.

Social Teaching

The branch of Catholic theology that applies the Gospel message to social, political, and economic issues.

Natural Law

Inherent moral principles accessible to human reason, reflecting our God-given nature.

Solidarity

The virtue of social charity, friendship, and responsibility, recognizing our interdependence.

Stewardship

The responsible use of God's gifts, including the care for creation.

Subsidiarity

The principle... Continue reading "Essential Catholic Social Teaching Terms" »

Dr. Cover's Rationales for the Four Gospels

Humanistic Rationale

It's impossible to capture the fullness of a person in a single portrayal. Each Gospel offers a unique perspective on Jesus, highlighting different aspects of his life, teachings, and personality.

Historical Rationale

Memories and interpretations of events vary within different communities. The Gospels reflect the diverse experiences and understandings of early Christian groups.

Theological Rationale

The number four holds symbolic significance. Just as there are four living creatures in Revelation 4:6-8, the four Gospels offer four distinct testimonies to Jesus's existence and significance.

The Apostle Paul

Uniqueness of Romans

Unlike other letters written to existing congregations, Paul... Continue reading "Understanding Early Christianity: Gospels, Paul's Letters, and the Trinity" »

Who Were Lady Julian of Norwich and St. Thomas Aquinas?

Their Theological Approaches

Lady Julian of Norwich, an English theologian, likened divine love to motherly love.

St. Thomas Aquinas, an Italian priest, viewed theology as a science. He believed its raw data consisted of written scripture and church tradition.

Ancient Christian Martyrdom

The First Christian Martyr

St. Stephen is often considered the first Christian martyr.

Literary Patterns in Early Christian Martyrdom Accounts

Early Christian martyrdom accounts emerged as a response to Roman persecution, primarily in two forms:

• Apologies: Defenses of the Christian faith.
• Passio/Martyrium: Narratives of martyrs' lives and deaths.

These texts often drew parallels to Christ's Passion, portraying martyrs'... Continue reading "Christian Martyrdom: Past and Present" »

What They Mean by Original Sin

The concept of original sin suggests that everyone is born with a predisposition towards wrongdoing, a desire for temporary pleasure or fulfillment. This inclination, while often diminishing with maturity, leaves a lasting impact on the human psyche. Consequently, our actions, purpose, and intentions become central to our moral compass.

St. Augustine's Perspective on Desire and Evil

St. Augustine, reflecting on his own youthful temptations, recognized a connection between desire and moral evil. Inspired by the simple life and virtuous intentions of St. Antony, he underwent a personal transformation, aspiring to become a better person.

Four Sources of Theology

Christian theology draws upon four key sources:

Scripture

This... Continue reading "Exploring the Sources of Christian Theology and the Nature of Sin" »