Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Religion

The Age of Realism and Precision

The main characteristics of the Restoration period—Realism and Precision—were carried to further perfection. They are found in their excellent form in the poetry of Pope, and in the prose of Addison, who developed it into a clear, precise, and elegant form of expression. The Whigs and the Tories—members of two important political parties which were constantly contending to control the government of the country—used and rewarded writers for satirizing their enemies and undermining their reputations. A satire is concerned mainly with finding fault with opponents and is destructive in its intention.

Development of the Novel

Several conditions and factors contributed to the development of the novel:

• Growing

The Publication History of Gulliver's Travels

The introductory material for George Faulkner's 1735 Dublin edition and the frontispieces of that edition provide significant insight into the opening pages of the Voyage to Lilliput. To avoid identification and persecution for his anti-Whig satire, Jonathan Swift had to exclude himself from the first edition. It was published by Benjamin Motte in London on October 28, 1726, without any attribution to Swift. There was a letter to Gulliver's supposed cousin, Richard Sympson (R.S.), suggesting finances for the publication. Motte's edition was full of misprints and toned down the satire, which was later corrected in 1727. In the edition of 1735, Swift published the letter to Gulliver's cousin.

Frontispieces

Vocabulary Enrichment: Word Associations

This list provides associations for various words, helping to expand your vocabulary and improve communication.

1. Ornament: Ornament, compustura, descorado, dressing, ornamental, attire.
2. Commended: Merit, plausible, praise.
3. Celibate: Bachelor, bachelor / misogamo, enemy of marriage.
4. Fork: Division, bypass, derivation, separation.
5. Expletive: Jibe, insult, dehorning, invective, insult, outrage.
6. Reproof: Oppugn, opposed, to contradict, attack.
7. Conspicuous: Famous, notable, illustrious, renowned, known.
8. Dreadful: Catastrophic, disastrous, unlucky, unfortunate, tragic.
9. Spouse: Married, spouse.
10. Expires: Old, avejantado, decrepit, senile, ancient.
11. Imminent: Urgent, extendable, immediately, next, soon, mandatory.
12. Taunt: Mocks,

Romanesque Sculpture: Defining Characteristics and Iconography

General Characteristics of Romanesque Sculpture

• Law of the Framework (or Law of Adaptation): Romanesque sculpture is fundamentally architectural, adapting to its placement on church façades, doorways, and monastery cloisters. This necessity often forced the distortion of figures to fit architectural elements like columns or archivolts. There is a total integration between architecture and sculpture.
• Horror Vacui: Known as the "fear of emptiness," this is the tendency to cover the entire surfaces of the wall with sculptures, leaving hardly any empty spaces.
• Materials: Primarily stone (rock), although some freestanding sculptures appear in polychrome wood, metal, and ivory.
• Function and

Medieval Fiction

Between the thirteenth and fifteenth centuries, different types of narrative developed: religious and moral (Ramon Llull), history (chronicles), philosophy (Bernard Metge), and novelistic.

Ramon Llull

Life

Ramon Llull was born in Mallorca in 1232, just three years after King James I conquered the island from the Saracens. A descendant of a wealthy Barcelona family, he received a good education, enabling him to become seneschal at the court of King James II of Majorca. He married, had two sons, and cultivated troubadour poetry.

In 1263, as he explains in his autobiography, Jesus Christ appeared to him crucified. This vision led him to abandon court life and dedicate himself fully to converting infidels to Christianity through three...

Causes of the Protestant Reformation

The 16th century witnessed significant religious conflicts, primarily driven by the Reformation and subsequent Counter-Reformation. Several factors contributed to the widespread desire for change within the Roman Catholic Church.

Disdain for the Papacy and Clergy

The Roman Catholic Church held immense power across Europe. However, many perceived that popes were primarily concerned with their own interests, bishops lived lives of luxury without fulfilling their pastoral duties, and many religious orders failed to adhere to their established rules. This led to a growing disillusionment among the populace.

Abuses Within the Church

Widespread abuses further fueled discontent. These included:

• Nepotism: High-ranking

The Protestant Reformation

The Spiritual Crisis of the Church

At the end of the Middle Ages, people began to question the practices of the Church, including:

• The luxurious lifestyles of the high clergy.
• The lack of culture and weakening of moral standards of the clergy, who set a bad example.
• The buying and selling of ecclesiastical positions for personal economic benefit.
• The selling of papal bulls and indulgences, which made the Church wealthy under the pretense of pardoning sins and granting access to heaven.

The Lutheran Reformation

In 1517, Martin Luther condemned the wealth of the Church, denied the value of indulgences, and advocated a new religion based on:

• Salvation through faith: Only faith in God could lead to eternal salvation, regardless

1. What does Bhakti movement mean? Ans. A series of Hindu saints & reformers started religious reform movements which adopted the method of devotion (Bhakti) to achieve salvation. Their method of expression of devotion ranged from the routine worship of deities within temples to singing & chanting of devotional compositions.

5. What were Attitude of the Nayanars & Alavars sects towards the cast? Ans. Some historians are of the view that Alvars & Nayanaras started a movement of protest against the caste system & the dominance of Brahmans or at least made efforts to reform them. This view is supported by the fact that these Bhakti reformers came from diverse social backgrounds; some of them belonged to lower classes such as...

African Indigenous Religions

African indigenous religions have not all died out.

The Atlantic slave trade

Humanity and life in the present world

High God is both a and b

High God

Many supernatural beings are recognized, and one is elevated to a higher status.

Mali and Burkina Faso

Yoruba religion

An Orisa in the Yoruba tradition

Spirits are all of the above

Improving life in this world

Spirit world: all of the above

A divination system among the Yoruba

Medium

Kenya and Tanzania

Christianity did not completely eradicate indigenous African religions.

The continuing cycle of birth, death, and rebirth

Supreme, unitary reality

Dualistic

330 million

Hebrew

It cannot be translated and is only legitimately scripture when read in Hebrew.

John

The Way

Greek

The Shema

Merneptah...

Ijma

Consensus, one of the four sources of law in Sunni Islam, along with Quran, sunna, and qiyas.

Ijtihad

The use of personal effort to make a decision on a point of law not explicitly covered by the Quran or sunna; the person with the authority to do this is called a mujtahid.

Imam

The prayer leader in the ßalåt who keeps worshippers' actions in unison during prayer. Also a title for revered Shia leaders and founders of Sunni schools of law.

Islam

The religion preached by Muhammad, meaning 'submission'; adherents are called Muslims.

Isma

A doctrine stating that prophets, especially Muhammad, were protected from sin during their lifetimes.

Isnad

The chain of authorities through whom a hadith report has passed; the list forms the first part of the...