Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Religion

African Beliefs

Their beliefs are called Myth, for them God is Supreme, god has a generic term in this case. They identify the creator by supreme Being. God refers to objects of worship in any religion.

There are 3 varying accounts of the creation of Cosmos.

1. Some believe that it was created in one act
2. Others believe that God created heaven first so that he would have a place standing on Heaven, he created the Earth.
3. Others say that God is still creating new things, excepts souls because Africans think that you need one to live. Ex: People have children. Does God create them or does God equip people with the ability to create them?

They view about the cosmos:

1. For the African, the cosmos is divided into 2 parts, the two can be described as the heaven

Introduction to Notre Dame de Paris

Notre Dame de Paris is, without doubt, one of the most enduring symbols of the city. While not the largest cathedral in France, it stands as one of the most remarkable examples of Gothic art. Situated in the eastern part of the Île de la Cité, its facade faces west and overlooks the Place Notre Dame, home to the point zéro (zero point) from which all distances in France are measured. Its dimensions are impressive: 130 meters long, 48 meters wide, and 69 meters high.

Architectural Marvels of the Facade

The facade features three magnificent portals:

• The central and most significant is the Portal of the Last Judgment. It displays intricate sculptures representing the resurrection of the dead, an angel with a

Juan de la Cruz (1542-1591): Erotic Poetry to the Divine

San Juan de la Cruz is an enigmatic and extraordinary figure. A mystic and a technician, his poetry explores a unique theme: union with God. Let's consider one of his most famous poems, Dark Night.

This poem can have a double meaning: the carnal encounter of two lovers and the soul's union with God. Given the second interpretation, we find certain symbolism in the poem:

• Beloved: God
• Amada: Soul
• Night: Denial of the senses and the sensible
• House: Body

The night, which signifies the negation of the senses, blurs the lines of things and brings us closer to the divine presence. It can be considered the spiritual vacuum necessary for the encounter with God, through the so-called unitive.

This denial...

San Clemente tahullas. Certainly, the paintings that covered the apse of San Clemente tahullas and are now preserved in the Museum of Art of Catalonia, are one of the best works of its kind in Spain and all of Europe. The vaulted apse oven is painted with a wonderful Christ in Majesty (Maiestas) in a Byzantine style, surrounded by four angels bearing the symbols of the evangelists. Below runs a frieze which appears part of the apostolic college. Within the traditional representations of the "Pantocrator" Romanesque, it is undoubtedly the most majestic, noble, and full of divine transcendence of all those represented in the international Romanesque. To this work, perfect symmetry and geometric design of her face and her whole tahullas figura....

Friedrich Nietzsche's philosophy, particularly in his later years, was marked by profound insights and a delicate, often challenging, intellectual journey. His thought was profoundly shaped by three key influences:

• The pessimistic philosophy of Arthur Schopenhauer.
• His deep appreciation for classical Greek culture.
• The vibrant spirit of the Italian Renaissance.

Nietzsche's philosophy is characterized by vitalism and irrationalism, which deny the primacy of reason.

Nietzsche's Core Influences and Philosophy

The Apollonian, the Dionysian, and Socrates' Influence

Reason and its vehicle of expression (language) cannot fully capture the joy of living life, which Nietzsche believes is driven by the will to power – a blind desire to persist in reality....

The Pentateuch

Pentateuch comes from the Greek language and means, properly, "the book of five cases", that is, the book divided into five cases, consisting of five volumes or rolls. These are: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy. It was recognized by Jews as the Torah.

Versions for the creation of the Pentateuch:

• Yahwist: The authors called God by the name of Yahweh.
• Elohist: Called God by the name of Elohim.
• Deuterocanonical version, which enriched the previous two, is at least 400 or 500 years after them.
• The priestly version.

Genesis

It is called so because it describes the origin of the creation of the world and humanity. Indeed, *Genesis* is of Greek origin, meaning *beginning*. It is the first book of the Pentateuch and the...

Monastic Reforms in the Middle Ages

Monastic reforms during the Middle Ages (5th to 11th centuries) saw Benedictine monasteries play a crucial role in religious life, as well as in social and cultural development. They taught farmers to cultivate the land and were guardians of classical culture. Their abbots often became powerful feudal lords, necessitating a careful reform. This reform took place in the 10th and 11th centuries, with two primary focuses:

• The Cluniac Reform (910 AD)

  The Abbey of Cluny, founded in 910 AD, saw its monks begin to restore the great principles of the Rule of St. Benedict. To achieve this, it became independent of temporal power and reformed the customs that had been introduced in its dependent monasteries. Cluny's influence

Unit III: English Language Fundamentals

Family Vocabulary: English-Spanish Terms

• Widower / Widow: Viudo / Viuda
• Brother-in-law: Cuñado
• Mother: Madre
• Daughter: Hija
• Grandparent: Abuelo / Abuela
• Daughter-in-law: Nuera
• Grandson: Nieto
• Uncle: Tío
• Father-in-law: Suegro
• Godson: Ahijado
• Great-Grandfather: Bisabuelo

Possessive Adjectives and Pronouns in Sentences

• a) I long to love your brothers.
• b) I know his sister.
• c) My son has a rare disease.
• d) Our car was damaged.
• e) I cannot stand your hobbies.
• f) I want you to give me his address.
• g) What is your problem?
• h) Our advice is simple.
• i) I am happy that I found your friends.
• j) My main obstacle is laziness.

Common Phrases with Possessive Forms

• a) My life.
• b) His mother.
• c) His father.
• d) Your sister.
• e) Your father.
• f) My

Renaissance Art: Innovations and Masters

Renaissance Sculpture: Characteristics and Key Artists

Classical reliefs and sculptures were collected and copied. The nude human figure became the most important element in art; classical proportions were based upon it, and even religious images of Christ and the saints were idealized within the norms of the human form.

Important sculptors include:

• In the Quattrocento:
  • Donatello: David and Condottiero Gattamelata
• In the Cinquecento:
  • Michelangelo: David, Moses, Pietà

Renaissance Painting: Techniques and Notable Figures

Artists strove to depict figures in a believable space—an illusion they created by using linear perspective, a Renaissance innovation. The human figure is well-proportioned without any hierarchical...

Plato: Plato was an Athenian philosopher during the Classical period in Ancient Greece, founder of the Platonist school of thought, and the Academy, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world.

Gilgamesh: The best-known and most popular hero in the mythology of the ancient Near East, Gilgamesh was a Sumerian king who wished to become immortal. Endowed with superhuman strength, courage, and power, he appeared in numerous legends and myths, including the Epic of Gilgamesh.

Monotheism: Monotheism is the belief in a single all-powerful god, as opposed to religions that believe in multiple gods. Judaism, Christianity, and Islam are widely practiced forms of monotheism. ... Monotheism is any religion that believes in one god. From...