Notes, abstracts, papers, exams and problems of Psychology and Sociology

The Pervasiveness of Interviews in Modern Society

Interviews have become deeply ingrained in our society, shaping how we gather information, conduct research, and interact with the world around us. From political polling to market research, educational assessments to healthcare consultations, interviews play a crucial role in understanding individuals' perspectives, experiences, and knowledge. Even the media utilizes interviews extensively, contributing to their widespread presence in popular culture.

The Qualitative Interview in Social Research

Within social research, the qualitative interview holds a prominent position, employed by both positivist (quantitative) and interpretive (qualitative) researchers. While their specific objectives may... Continue reading "Qualitative Interviews: A Deep Dive" »

1 Motor Skills Research

Basic motor skills consolidate, refine, and apply to various motor learning processes. This improves motor tasks, yielding strength, speed, endurance, agility, balance, and coordination. Maturity and effectiveness are seen in inception tasks, breaks, reception, beating, and kicking.

• These are distinct factors of physical fitness.
• Differences between boys and girls are increasingly less apparent.
• Improvement in perceptual-cognitive mechanisms (reaction time, decision making, attention, perception, etc.) is observed.
• Differences found between sexes are often due to socialization and expectations, but the potential for motor learning is equal for both sexes.
• Physical qualities evolve as a result of biological factors and training.

2. Group Dynamics and Sex Differences

Motor skills improve with age, with children responding positively to friends and peers around age 7. Motor and gestural competition influences group position. Some societies emphasize male motor energy, while others highlight female aesthetic and rhythmic movement. Although attitudes are changing, progress is slow.

3. School, Media, and Motor Development

School materials should not allow motor development to occur randomly. Younger children should receive varied and diverse opportunities. Mass media, especially TV, greatly influence young people through vicarious learning. The ability to explore space and materials impacts motor skills. Materials with changeable characteristics encourage diverse actions.... Continue reading "Motor Development: Group Dynamics, Media Influence, and Assessment" »

Associative Learning

According to psychologists Hilgard and Marquis, learning reflects a stable behavioral change that allows living organisms to adapt to their environment. This means changing or acquiring a new, stable behavior that aids in environmental adaptation. The initial explanations of how we learn come from:

Reflexology or Classical Conditioning

Ivan Pavlov, a key figure in this field, conducted the famous "Pavlov's Dog" experiment. He aimed to demonstrate how humans and animals learn. He placed a capsule in the dog's mouth to collect saliva. When presented with food (an unconditioned stimulus), the dog's unconditioned response was to salivate. Pavlov then paired the food with a sound (a bell). After several repetitions, the dog... Continue reading "Associative Learning, Memory, and Instinctive Behavior" »

Advancement of Science

The Scientific Revolution

Until now, the doctrine of Aristotle prevailed. From this point forward, a new science emerges, with the primary objective of dominating nature. This period will be known as the Scientific Revolution. Initiated in the Renaissance, the main figures are Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, and Francis Bacon.

Copernicus (1473-1543)

Of Polish origin, Copernicus showed great interest in astronomy and intellectual activity in Italy. In 1530, he presented his theory of heliocentrism, publishing it in 1543, shortly before his death. This theory was greatly influenced by the writings of Aristarchus of Samos, who had previously defended a similar idea.

Francis Bacon (1561-1626)

Francis Bacon is one of the most important... Continue reading "Advancement of Science: Revolution, Freedom, and Mechanism" »

Florence Nightingale:

Pioneer of modern nursing, first to use terms related to the environment. 6 Basic Needs: ventilation, temperature, illumination, diet, hygiene, noise

Nursing:

Responsibility for the health care of others.

Virginia Henderson:

Identified 14 basic needs of patients. The nurse-patient relationship can be as a substitute, assistant, or companion.

Nurse-Patient Relationship Dynamics:

• Doctor-patient relationship
• Team-patient relationship

Nursing:

Helping sick or healthy individuals with activities that contribute to health, recovery, or a peaceful death.

Callista Roy (Adaptation Model):

Considers the patient as a system with goals. Health is addressed through nursing activities.

Adapting to 4 Basic Needs:

• Basic physiological needs
• Self-image
• Domain

Social Problems Today

There are many social problems affecting people today. Here are some of the most pressing:

• Difficulties accessing housing: There is a shortage of rental housing, and prices are too high.
• Job insecurity: An abundance of "trash contracts" leads to unworthy working conditions.
• Loneliness: Many people feel alone. This sense of loneliness and emptiness leads some to fall into addiction.
• Individualism: There is a growing trend marked by its own interests, without taking others into account.
• Aggression and violence: This is a sad reality in our country.
• Anxiety: The level of stress we live with is also worrying.
• Discrimination: Those who are different from the majority have difficulty being included.

Poverty and Social Exclusion

The problems... Continue reading "Social Challenges in Spain: Poverty, Exclusion & Inequality" »

Medicinal Plants, Vegetable Drugs, and Herbal Medicine

Concepts: Current situation, place in therapeutics, advantages, limitations, and information sources.

Active Metabolites of Plants

Primary and secondary metabolites.

Collection of Medicinal Plants

Cultivation, improvement, collection, conservation, and storage.

Quality, Safety, and Efficacy

Quality control, identification trials, adulteration, counterfeiting, standardization, pesticide analysis, and biological contamination.

Preparation of Herbal Medicines

Raw materials, herbal preparations, solid and liquid forms, simple shapes, associations, solvent extraction, distillation, and expression.

Forms of Management

Preparations for external and internal use, dosing, and prescription in phytotherapy.

Aromatherapy

Therapeutic... Continue reading "Medicinal Plants: Uses, Benefits, and Applications" »

The Partner Perspective in Sports: Empirical Science and Society Studies

This collection series examines the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) and independent American and former French colonies. It explores the development of the 19th century, including societal changes like technological advancements, transportation, demographic growth, social mobility, and bureaucratization. Modern sports are a parallel phenomenon to social development, culture, and globalization. Distinct dimensions of sociology are considered:

• Functional (organic): Society as an interconnected system.
• Marxist: Focuses on the struggle between different interest groups.
• Figurative: Examines how conduct is regulated.
• Structuralism: Analyzes social classes.
• Symbolic

Understanding Organizational Culture

Culture encompasses the fundamental assumptions shared by members of a community. These presumptions, shared thoughts, meanings, and values create a backdrop for action, often taken as obvious and undisputed.

Key Components of Culture

Analyzing culture involves understanding its components and defining features that make it unique:

• Appearance: Fixed aspects of organization and decoration, including the structuring of space.
• Patterns of Behavior: Systematic collective life within the organization.
• Language: Use of metaphors, stories, legends, and myths.
• Implicit Rules: Unwritten norms and standards governing conduct.
• Values: Used to judge facts, actions, and people.
• Assumptions: Basic beliefs shared by members of