Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Psychology and Sociology

Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA)

Key Terms and Concepts

ABA

Definition: Strives for accurate, reliable, and data-based interventions.

7 Dimensions of ABA

Applied: Focuses on socially significant behaviors.
Behavioral: Observes and measures the behavior of interest.
Analytic: Demonstrates a functional relationship between the intervention and behavior change.
Technological: Procedures are described clearly and precisely.
Conceptually Systematic: Interventions are based on behavioral principles.
Effective: Produces clinically significant behavior change.
Generalized: Behavior change occurs across different settings, people, and time.

Basic Concepts

Behavior: Any activity of a living organism.
Environment: Events or conditions that affect a person's behavior.... Continue reading "Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) Key Terms & Concepts" »

Position Paper: Writer's Stand on an Issue

Intro: Define issue & discuss background, provide general statement

Body: Provide sufficient evidence, provide counter arguments

Conclusion: Suggest course of action, state paper's superiority, end w/strong statement

1. Choose issue, should be current & relevant
2. Perform in-depth research on the issue
3. Define unfamiliar terms
4. Be aware of different opinions on the issue
5. Reflect on your position & identify weaknesses
6. Cite valid & reliable sources
7. View issue from different perspectives
8. Limit paper to two pages

Where to put counter arguments:

• Part of intro, before proposing thesis
• As a section/paragraph after the intro
• As a section/paragraph before conclusion

Construct counter argument:

• Develop thesis &

Hate Crimes: Week 10

Hate Crime Statistics in Toronto

Three most frequently reported criminal offences motivated by hate in 2021 were mischief to property, assault, and uttering threats.

Most Frequently Victimized Groups

• Jewish → Black → East and Southeast Asian, and then the LGBTQ2S+ community.

Events That Affect Hate Crime Reporting

• International events

• Community educational programs and hate crime training

• Increased media coverage and public awareness

• Toronto 2021: there was a notable increase in hate crimes targeting East and Southeast Asian people in the month of March.

  • This coincides with the Atlanta spa shooting on March 16, 2021, where 6 of the 8 victims were Asian women.

Why Victims Are Reluctant to Report Hate Crimes

• May not recognize that

HR, Legal Standards, and Employment Tests

• Legal Defensibility: Ensure test content is legally defensible.
• Fair Procedures: Implement fair procedures to avoid discrimination.
• Successful Implementation: Focus on the successful implementation of the test.

Cognitive Ability Tests in Hiring

Advantages

• Efficiently obtains data.
• Has good validity, making it a strong predictor of job performance and training success.
• Less expensive than customized tests, with lower administration costs.

Problems and Solutions

• Problem: Potential issues with "racial norming."
• Solution: Combine with other assessments, such as interviews and non-cognitive tests, for a more holistic view.

Combining Applicant Information

• Judgmental Composite: Judgmental and statistical data are combined

Applications and Education

• Apply: To make an application or request.
• Applicant: The person or candidate eligible to apply or request something.
• Claim: To demand, require something.
• Drop out: To stop attending school or a course.
• Get promoted, get a promotion: To advance in rank, dignity, position, etc.
• Eventually: Finally, at some later time.
• Career: Having a career, professional.
• Degree: University studies.
• Vocational training: Relating to applied educational courses concerned with skills needed for an occupation, trade, or profession.
• Grades: Marks.
• To graduate: A person who has received a degree or diploma on completing a course of study at a university, college, or school.
• Wage: Salary.

Workplace and Personal Qualities

• To blame: To say someone is responsible

The Psychological Influence of Attractiveness and Surgery

Physical appearance, whether naturally given or altered by cosmetic surgery, significantly influences an individual's behavior and self-perception. Both conventionally attractive individuals and those who are not may develop personality disorders.

Appearance and Personality Disorders

Research by Panagiotis Milothridi and collaborators (2016) highlights specific psychological risks associated with attractiveness levels:

• Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD): Attractive individuals often arouse a societal need for admiration. This can lead to the development of NPD, frequently driving them to seek surgical procedures more often.
• Avoidant Personality Disorder (AvPD): Individuals who are not

Love, Sex, and Marriage: ANTH 3160

Identity and Culture

Identity is formed by social relationships. Introductions are a huge aspect of anthropology. Culture is symbolic, learned, and shared. It is based on clothing, symbols, and practices like marriage rings, which symbolize commitment. Culture is diverse because everyone learns differently. It is an embodied and ever-changing aspect of the contemporary world.

September 20th, 2016 - Second Day

Key Concepts:

• Social Institutions
• Social Structure
• Social Reproduction
• Ideology
• Parenting and Social Class
• Cultural Capital
• Ethnocentrism: Judging other people's cultures by the standards of your own and labeling what is different as inferior.
• Critical Cultural Relativism: Understanding people's cultures in terms

Constitutional Amendments & Policing

Key Amendments

• 4th Amendment: Searches and seizures (exclusionary rule)
• 5th Amendment:
  • Grand jury indictment
  • Double jeopardy
  • Due process
  • Self-incrimination
• 6th Amendment:
  • Public and speedy trial
  • Impartial jury
  • Notice of the nature and cause of accusation
  • Confront opposing witness
  • Assistance of counsel
• 8th Amendment:
  • Excessive bail
  • Cruel and unusual punishment

Policing Duties and Constitutional Protections

• Arrest
• Searches
  • Searches with warrants
  • Searches without warrants
• Interrogations

Incarceration Disparities

Black people are incarcerated at a rate 80% higher than whites.

Deterrence and Capital Punishment

Summary of Deterrence: The idea that abolishing the death penalty leads to a rise in murder has little support. There's no... Continue reading "Constitutional Rights & Criminal Justice System Overview" »

Effective Language Learning

Cognitive Factors

Learning Styles

Learning styles are modes of thinking and behaving. They are related to the particular way each individual learns how to learn, and they change with age.

• Children tend to lack learning autonomy.
• Adults tend to have learning autonomy.

Learning Strategies

Learning strategies are specific actions, behaviors, steps, or techniques students use, often consciously, to improve their progress in apprehending, internalizing, and using a foreign language. They are tools that learners can use to develop L2 communicative ability.

• These tools favor active and self-directive learner involvement in the learning process.
• Their conscious use is related to language achievement and proficiency.
• The age factor

Soft Skills: Essential Attributes for Success

Soft skills are a set of interpersonal and personal attributes that are not necessarily quantifiable or measurable, but significantly determine work performance and career success. They encompass how you interact with others and manage yourself.

Key Soft Skills Categories

• Self-Management Skills:
  • Self-awareness
  • Emotional management
  • Self-confidence
  • Patience
  • Stress management
  • Resilience
  • Critical thinking and problem-solving
  • Persistence and perseverance
• People Skills:
  • Communication skills
  • Presentation skills
  • Facilitating skills
  • Interviewing skills
  • Selling skills
  • Ability to think/work under pressure
  • Influence (unintentional) / Persuasion skills (intentional)
  • Teamwork skills
  • Leadership
  • Interpersonal relationship skills
  • Negotiation