Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Primary education

Present Value Calculation

Present Value Calculation: The present value method has multiple applications in finance and refers to today’s value for a stream of future cash flows. Positive cash flows are called cash inflows and negative cash flows are called cash outflows.

The present value (PV) formula can be written as follows:

Where k is the discount rate and the expression is called the discount factor.

Net Present Value (NPV)

Net Present Value: It is defined as the difference between the present value of the future cash flows generated by the investment and the initial cash outlay.

Internal Rate of Return (IRR)

IRR: It is defined as the discount rate that makes the present value of future cash flows equal to the initial investment outlay. The... Continue reading "Financial Valuation Methods and Cost of Capital" »

Decision Making and Problem Solving

Defining the Process

Problem Solving: Identifying the difference between the actual and desired state of affairs, and taking action to resolve the difference.

Decision Making: Defining the problem, identifying alternatives, determining criteria, evaluating alternatives, and choosing an alternative.

Types of Decision Problems

Single-Criterion Decision Problem: Finding the best solution based on one criterion.

Multicriteria Decision Problem: Finding the best solution considering multiple criteria.

Key Concepts in Decision Making

Decision: The selected alternative.

Model: A representation of a real object or situation.

• Iconic Model: A physical replica of a real object.
• Analog Model: A physical representation, but doesn'

UND6 12Would you like to freshen out / up/ off before dinner? 13I will pick Mr Hayes off / out / upfrom the hotel.14He needed more time to show them up / around / for the factory, so I guess they’re still there.15You will need to check out / in/ on at reception when you arrive, and then join us in the bar.16One thing I’d like to do while I’m here is to meet along / up / on with an old friend who lives in the centre of town.17How about eating in / out / with at that Restaurant?

AOK. The first thing to remember is that you ²⁵have to log on, so you’ll Always ²⁶need to remember your Password.

BI heard that they change the passwords every month.

AIT is ²⁷supposedto reset them, but often don’tdo it. OK, once you’ve typed it in, wait

Moksha: Liberation

- Moksha is the end of the death and rebirth cycle and is classed as the fourth and ultimate artha (goal). It is achieved by overcoming ignorance and desires.

Jivas: Individual Souls

- Jivas are individual souls that come from water (chaos, universe) then illumination (order, liberation) then reincarnate.

- They are bound by maya, which hides their true self, which is characterized by eternal existence, consciousness, and bliss. There are an infinite number of jivas.

Mahayana: The Big Raft/ Karuna (Compassion)

- It literally means "Great Vehicle" and teaches universal salvation with emphasis on social concerns.

Bhagavad: Hindu Text

- Became an important work of Hindu tradition in terms of both literature and philosophy.

Tanha: Life

The tertiary sector and its activities

Evolution of the service economy

This sector plays an increasingly important role in the global economy. However, its relative weight depends on a country’s level of economic development. There are significant differences between developed and developing countries in terms of the quantity and quality of the services provided.

In developed countries, which rank high on the HDI, services tend to be located in large urban areas and tourist areas. They employ more than 60% of the working population. In major cities, like Madrid and Paris, the percentage employed by this sector is over 80%. The quality of the different services available gives the population a significant level of well-being.

In developing countries,... Continue reading "The Tertiary Sector: Evolution, Public vs Private, Financialization" »

The Republic (1873-1874)

After the abdication, the Cortes voted the Republic as the new form of government. However, the regime was unstable, headed by a political minority, the Republicans, who were themselves divided into those in favor of a unitary state, those in favor of a federal one, and finally the supporters of a presidential Republic.

These disputes undermined the credibility of the Republic. Therefore, the monarchists (such as Cánovas del Castillo), supporting the candidature of Isabella's son, Prince Alfonso of Bourbon, began to pave the peaceful way to the restoration of the monarchy, which they wanted to identify with political tradition and stability.

Eventually, it was a military coup (led by General Pavia) that really ended the... Continue reading "Spanish History: Republic, Restoration, and Canovist System" »

English Grammar Exercises

1. (5a, 4b, 3c, 1d, 2e)
2. (2a, 4b, 1c, 3d)
3. (4a, 3b, 2c, 5d, 1e)
4. (1 finish, 2 prevent, 3 still, 4 wind, 5 overrated, 6 catch, 7 in, 8 warm, 9 succeed, 10 issue, 11 take effect, 12 blame, 13 trust, 14 advise, 15 calls)

Sentence Completion

1. I find it very difficult to get over the English exams.
2. I feel miserable when I don't pass the exam.
3. I would love to strengthen my English.
4. My life will improve if I enjoy it every day.
5. Talking with my friends keeps me sane.
6. I can't deal with crazy people.
7. I must cut down on my hours of doing nothing.
8. I always insist on not using drugs.
9. I rely on passing the exam.
10. I participated in the race and I won.
11. I never argue with my father.

Verb Conjugation

1. (1)
2. read
3. are changing
4. are sitting
5. live
6. (6)
7. (7)
8. (8) combines
9. calls
10. choose
11. (

Atlanta: A Historical Summary

Indigenous Roots and Founding

• The land where Atlanta now stands was originally Cherokee and Creek territory until the forced removal of these tribes.
• The Creek tribe ceded the territory to the state of Georgia in 1821.
• Atlanta was founded in 1836 and officially became a city in 1847.

The Civil War Era

Atlanta as a Confederate Stronghold

During the Civil War, Atlanta's population reached 15,000, making it a vital railway junction and a leading supply center for Confederate troops. This strategic importance made it the primary target of General William Tecumseh Sherman's campaign from Chattanooga.

• Several major battles occurred near the city before its capture on September 1, 1864.
• Confederate General John Bell Hood evacuated

Charts and Graphs

• Pie chart
• Line graph
• Bar chart
• Table
• Flow chart
• Organigram

Types of Lines in Graphs

• Solid line
• Curve
• Fluctuating line
• Dotted line (puntos)
• Axis
• Undulating line
• Broken line

Describing Trends: Increase

• To increase = raise (aumentar)
• Rise = go up (subir)
• Grow
• Boom / soar / climb (remontar)
• Jump = skyrocket (dispararse)
• To reach a peak (pico)

Describing Trends: Decrease

• To decrease
• Fall
• Plunge (picado)
• Drop
• Go down
• Decline
• Collapse

Describing Trends: Stability

• To remain stable
• Stay constant
• Stabilize

Describing Trends: Leveling Off

• To level off / out = flatten out (nivelar)
• Stop or start falling / rising

Trend Modifiers: Size

• Dramatically
• Vastly
• Hugely
• Significantly
• Considerably
• Slightly (leve)

Trend Modifiers: Speed

• Substantially
• Rapidly
• Suddenly
• Gradually

Incoterms

• EXW: Ex

Company Organization Chart

The business organization chart is headed by the Board of Directors, led by the chairperson or president. Below, we find the director of the company who is responsible for five departments led by senior managers. The company is composed of five main departments.

• The production department is responsible for producing goods efficiently, on time, and in the agreed quantities.
• The marketing department is made up of three units: market research, sales, and advertising/promotions. They find out what customers require and then try to ensure that they can get these goods and services. The sales department is divided into two sections: domestic sales and exports.
• The financial department deals with the money that goes in and out