Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Primary education

Present Perfect

Used for actions that started in the past and continue into the present.

• I / You / We / They: Have + 3rd column (past participle)
• He / She / It: Has + 3rd column (past participle)

Negative:

• I / You / We / They: Have not + 3rd column
• He / She / It: Has not + 3rd column

Interrogative:

• Have + I / You / We / They + 3rd column?
• Has + He / She / It + 3rd column?

Past Simple

Used for specific actions that began and ended in the past. Commonly used with time adverbs like last year, yesterday, or last night.

• Affirmative: Subject + Verb (-ed)
• Negative: Subject + Did not + Verb
• Interrogative: Did + Subject + Verb?

Relative Clauses

• Who: People (Subject)
• Whom: People (Object)
• Whose: Possession (animals, people, or things)
• Which: Animals or objects
• That: People,

The War of Independence and the 1812 Constitution

Royal advisor Manuel Godoy allowed Napoleon to pass through Spain to reach Portugal. Consequently, Joseph (José I) Bonaparte was named King. On May 2, 1808, Madrid rebelled against French soldiers, marking the beginning of the Spanish War of Independence (1808–1814). Great Britain, Portugal, and Spain fought together until 1813. In 1812, the High Court of Cádiz drafted the Constitution of 1812 to eliminate absolutism.

The Reign of Ferdinand VII (1814–1833)

Ferdinand VII, son of Charles IV, ruled as an absolutist from 1814 to 1820, ignoring the Constitution of 1812. The Trienio Liberal (1820–1823) saw a military-led liberal government. During this era, the American colonies gained their... Continue reading "19th-Century Spanish History: Monarchy and Revolution" »

Topic 7: Pricing Strategy

Spotify's Freemium Model

Spotify utilizes a freemium pricing strategy, offering a limited free service alongside a premium subscription. This approach allows the company to achieve scale with attractive unit economics, which is a critical component of their success.

• Free Version: Generates revenue through advertising services for third-party companies.
• Premium Version: Generates revenue through monthly subscription fees, offering ad-free streaming, offline downloads, and exclusive content.

This model familiarizes customers with the product, encouraging them to upgrade to the full version once they recognize the high quality of the service.

Topic 8: Communication Strategy

Spotify promotes its brand and establishes relationships... Continue reading "Spotify Business Strategy: Pricing, Communication and SWOT" »

Animal Anatomy and Features

External Body Parts

• Antennae: Butterfly, Snail
• Antlers: Deer
• Arms: Monkey, Gorilla
• Beak: Birds
• Claws: Lion, Dog, Eagle
• Fangs: Lion, Snake, Cat, Dog
• Feathers: Birds
• Fins: Fish, Dolphins
• Front Legs: (Patas delanteras)
• Fur: Dog, Lion
• Gills: Fish
• Hind Legs: Gorilla, Lion
• Hooves: Horse, Sheep, Deer
• Horn: Cow, Rhino
• Knuckles: Gorilla, Monkey
• Mane: Lion, Horse
• Palms: Gorilla
• Paws: Dog, Tiger
• Scales: Fish, Snake, Armadillo
• Shell: Tortoise, Snail
• Tail: Bird, Lion, Horse
• Tentacles: Octopus, Squid
• Tusks: Elephant, Walrus
• Whiskers: Cat
• Wings: Bird, Bat

Animal Vocalizations

• ROAR: Lion
• MIAOW: Cat
• BARK: Dog
• HISS: Snake
• WHISTLE: Dolphin
• SQUAWK: Parrot
• CHATTER: Monkey
• SQUEAK: Mouse
• BUZZ: Bee

Animal Idioms in English

These phrases use animal references:

• Be in the dog house:

English Irregular Verbs Reference Table

This table provides a comprehensive list of common English irregular verbs, including their base form, past simple, past participle, and Spanish translation.

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Today I come to talk about a very important topic, what is pollution. Today many of the products we consume and the industries that produce them generate pollution. We find air pollution in the air we breathe, in our food, in our clothes and cosmetics… Furthermore, plastic has literally flooded our lives. Pollution is not a long-term problem but it is currently affecting each one of us, for example air pollution that causes respiratory diseases, or deforestation that kills our fauna and vegetation.

The accumulated waste in our seas has become tons and tons. All of our beautiful cities, with our beautiful beaches, our incredible market stalls, could disappear. That is why we must reduce waste, nuclear energy, oil ... All this can be achieved... Continue reading "sswsss" »

The Skeletal System: The Internal Framework of the Body

The skeletal system is the internal framework (structure) of the body. It is made up of 206 bones and tissue.

Support

Bones hold our body and give us shape. For example, the spinal cord provides support.

Protection

The skeleton protects our vital organs. For instance, the skull protects the brain, and the ribs protect our heart and lungs.

Movement

Bones allow us to move as a whole body or as individual parts.

Blood Production

Certain bones in the skeleton contain red bone marrow, which produces red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

Storage

Our bones can store different minerals, such as calcium.

Endocrine Regulation

Endocrine glands produce hormones, and the skeletal system helps regulate... Continue reading "The Importance of the Skeletal System in the Human Body" »

What is Net Worth and Why is it Important for Businesses?

Net worth represents the difference between a person's or corporation's assets and liabilities. It serves as a crucial indicator of a company's financial health, offering a snapshot of its current financial standing.

Understanding Your Net Worth

Knowing your net worth is essential as it helps identify areas of excessive spending. The ability to afford something doesn't necessitate its purchase. To prevent unnecessary debt accumulation, differentiate between needs and wants before making purchases.

Exploring the SEIS Program

The Seed Enterprise Investment Scheme (SEIS) is a UK government program designed to assist startups in raising capital. It aims to stimulate economic growth by promoting... Continue reading "Understanding Net Worth and Its Importance for Businesses" »

Speaking Part 1

1. What is your name?

My name is Keira.

2. Can you spell your last/surname name?

It’s S-a-n-t-e-l-l-a-n.

3. How old are you?

I’m 10 years old.

4. Where are you from?

I’m from Mexico City.

5. Where do you go to school?

I go to Queen Mary School.

6. How do you go to school?

I go to school by car.

7. Do you have any brothers or sisters?

I have one brother.

8. Do you have a pet?

Yes, I have a dog. It’s names are Lili and Frida.

9. What is your favorite subject at school? Why?

It’s Art because it’s fun to use different colors of paint.

10. Which is your least favorite subject at school and why?

I don’t like history because I have to memorize dates and then I forget them. I like geography because I learn more about cultures.

A2 Key Speaking