Notes, abstracts, papers, exams and problems of Philosophy and ethics

   1§True Forms (rules for the whole)

·Kingship, aristocracy…

§False Forms (rule for themselves)

·Oligarchy.

§Kingship Is the best. Philosophers.

§Tyranny Is the worst it can slave everybody

§Shoot For the timocracy is the balance between the ultimate best and the ultimate Worst.

oPlato

oAristocracy= philosopher kings =kingship = Rational elemnet is ruling BEST

oTimocracy = the honor spirited element is Ruling

oOligarchy= necessary appetites

oDemocracy= unnecessary appetites

oTyranny= unlawfull \/ unnecessary appetitives

·Both Plato and Aristotle argue that philosophy can show us how to live the best Human life. They both agree that the excellence of the human being follows from The function of the human. This function is the one thing that

Introduction to Metaphysics

Metaphysics is a branch of philosophy which questions reality. Why do things and beings exist? What are they? Where do we come from? Metaphysical doctrines have always been developed to oppose rival doctrines.

Metaphysical categories: unity-plurality, reality-appearance, essence-existence, necessity-contingency, matter-spirit

Metaphysical doctrines: monism-pluralism, essentialism-existentialism, materialism-dualism

The Criteria of Demarcation

The Criteria of Demarcation For science to be considered scientific, criteria were established to distinguish between what is a scientific discipline and what is not. Verificationism and falsificationism propose two different sets of criteria.

Verificationism states that only theories... Continue reading "Metaphysics, Scientific Method, and Cosmology: A Historical Overview" »

Contra Descartes and Kant, the cogito cannot be aware of anything let alone itself without the recognition of its own existence in the gaze of the other. “I cannot obtain any truth

TEMA 6: Vocabulary

BUSINESS ETHICS

Business ethics refer to the moral foundations which characterize the

 relationships that companies maintain with stakeholders or interest groups. 

Ethics influences the ordinary management and can also lead to modify the 

strategy of the company. 

Thebusiness ethicsaffectsdifferent areaswhen makingbusiness decisions, especially economicand legalissues, (Weiss, 2006). Like companies leading the scam whose reputation With their shares appears undoubtedly to have fallen down and the collapse was Provoked by a loss of confidence. It has also happened recently with Volkswagen, after the scandal of Manipulation of polluting diesel engines. According to Weiss, we can identify several myths or Beliefs that tend to minimize the importance... Continue reading "Ethical behavior of protective mechanisms" »

What are the Three Prongs of the Lemon Test?

• (1) It must have a "secular legislative purpose"
• (2) Neutral
• (3) Avoid an "excessive government entanglement with religion."
  • Establishment Clause prevents the government from creating an official church, from preferring one faith over another, and from discriminating against non-believers.

Different Ways to View the Establishment Clause and What Was the Only Reason...

• Accommodationist: According to the "accommodationist view," government needs religion to instill the moral values required for maintaining civil order. Modern-day accommodationists also argue that religion is part of the national heritage, and adds solemnity and dignity to civic events. Accordingly, accommodationists contend that government

Causation

Causation is focused on D's carelessness caused the C's injury.

2 tiers of causation: Factual, Legal

Factual: link between def breach & c's loss is known as the 'but for' test. - But for the C has suffered injury/ loss.

'But for' Case

* Cork v Kirby MaClean

Denning LJ: If you can say the damage would not happen for particular fault, then the fault is caused by damage. But if you say the damage would happen the same, fault or not, the fault is not a cause of damage.

Multiple Tort

*Fairchild v Glenhaven Funeras Service

C suffered mesothelioma which caused negligently exposure to asbestos by employers. Due to insufficient evidence, C unable to show which employer satisfied causation. Lord Bigham held that McGhee test would apply when 6 conditions:... Continue reading "Causation and Liability in Tort Law" »

Plato

Was a disciple of Socrates whose cornerstone of thought was his theory of Forms, in which there was another world of perfection. Uses thought to advance the Socratic dialogue. Dualistic Vision

Aristotle

Greek philosopher. A student of Plato, the tutor of Alexander the Great, and the author of works on logic, metaphysics, ethics, natural sciences, politics, and poetics, theory follows empirical observation and logic, based on the syllogism, is the essential method of rational inquiry. Pluralistic Vision

Socrates

Greek philosopher; Socratic method--questioning; sentenced to death for corrupting Athens youth

Alexander the Great

Student of Aristotle, King of Macedonia who conquered Greece, Egypt, and Persia

Academy

school of philosophy founded by... Continue reading "Plato vs. Aristotle: Philosophy, Society, and Human Nature" »

J.S. Mill's Utilitarianism

Understanding the Core Principles

Many misunderstand utilitarianism as opposing pleasure, but J.S. Mill clarifies that it is defined by pleasure itself and the absence of pain.

The Greatest Happiness Principle

Utilitarianism, also known as the Greatest Happiness Principle, posits that actions are right if they promote happiness and wrong if they promote unhappiness. Happiness encompasses pleasure and the absence of pain, while unhappiness involves pain and the deprivation of pleasure.

Quality over Quantity

Mill emphasizes that human pleasures are superior to animalistic ones. When judging an action's morality, we must consider not only the quantity but also the quality of pleasures it produces. Higher pleasures, those engaging... Continue reading "Understanding Utilitarianism: A Comprehensive Guide to J.S. Mill's Philosophy" »