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Intellectual Property Organization of Pakistan (IPO-Pakistan)

Historical Background

IPO-Pakistan was established as an autonomous body on April 8, 2005, under the administrative control of the Cabinet Division for integrated and efficient intellectual property management in the country. On July 25, 2016, the administrative control of IPO-Pakistan was transferred from the Cabinet Division to the Commerce Division.

The Trade Marks Registry, Copyright Office, and the Patent & Design Office became part of the new Organization under a unified and integrated management system.

Major Functions

1. Administer and coordinate all Government systems for protection and strengthening of Intellectual Property (IP)
2. Manage all IP offices in the country
3. Create awareness

Trademark Infringement Under the Trade Marks Ordinance 2001

The Trade Marks Ordinance 2001 outlines the legal framework for protecting intellectual property rights in Pakistan, specifically addressing trademark violations.

Infringement of Trade Marks

Sections 39 and 40 of the Ordinance define trademark infringement. Section 39 establishes a registered trademark as the proprietor's personal property. Any unauthorized use of the mark for trade in a manner similar to the registered goods or services constitutes infringement under Section 40. Displaying "registered goods" on packaging serves as a notice of prohibition (Section 41).

Action for Infringement

Section 46 grants the trademark proprietor the right to pursue legal action against infringement.... Continue reading "Trademark Infringement and Penalties Under Pakistani Law" »

Power of Attorney

In today's fast-paced world, our activities and engagements have increased significantly. As individuals become busier, the need to rely on others for assistance has grown. Consequently, the importance of a Power of Attorney has become increasingly apparent.

Definition

A Power of Attorney is a legal instrument that authorizes a specified person to act on behalf of another person, known as the principal.

Types of Power of Attorney

There are several types of Power of Attorney:

• General Power of Attorney

  A General Power of Attorney grants the agent broad authority to perform various acts or exercise all powers that the principal could exercise regarding specific property or matters.

• Special Power of Attorney

  A Special Power of Attorney

Mortgage

Definition of Mortgage:

A mortgage is security for the payment of debt. It is created by a written document providing security for the performance of a duty or the payment of debt. More specifically, a mortgage is the transfer of an interest in specific immovable property for the purpose of securing the payment of money advanced by way of loan, an existing or future debt, or the performance of an engagement which may give rise to pecuniary liability.

Key Terms:

• Mortgagor: The transferor (borrower) is called the mortgagor.
• Mortgagee: The transferee (lender) is called the mortgagee.
• Mortgage Money: The principal money and interest secured for payment is called mortgage money.
• Mortgage Deed: The instrument by which the transfer is effected is

Gift: An Overview

1. Introduction

A gift is the voluntary transfer of existing movable or immovable property from one person (the donor) to another (the donee) without any consideration. Gifts can be revoked under certain circumstances.

2. Relevant Provisions

Sections 122 and 123 of the Transfer of Property Act govern the transfer of property through gifts.

3. Definition of Gift

A gift is the voluntary and gratuitous transfer of existing movable or immovable property from a donor to a donee, who accepts the gift or has it accepted on their behalf.

4. Essentials of a Valid Gift

1. Parties: Donor and donee
2. Subject Matter: Movable or immovable property
3. Existing Property: Property must exist at the time of the gift
4. Consideration: No consideration should be involved
5. Voluntarily:

3.11. QUESTIONNAIRE DESIGN

1.Roles of questionnaires: Primary purpose: facilitate the extraction of data from a respondent. Secondly: It serves as an ‘aide memoire’ to the interviewer.Thirdly: It provides consistency in the way the interview is conducted. Without a questionnaire: questions would be asked in a haphazard way at the discretion of the individual.

2.Types of questionnaires: Structured questionnairesconsist of closed or prompted questions (with predefined answers) that require the designer to anticipate all possible answers. Semi-structured questionnaires comprise a mixture of closed and open questions used in B2B market research where there is a need to accommodate a large range of different responses from companies.Unstructured... Continue reading "JOJO" »

Step 1 Review the Marketing Plan

1. What product/service is being marketed?
2. What is known about the market where the brand will compete?
3. What are the brand's marketing objectives?
4. How is the marketing communication expected to contribute to the marketing objectives?

Step 2, Selecting a Target Group

1. What are the relevant target buyer groups?
- Select a primary target buyer group: Existing customers (repeat purchase) / Non-customer (trial)
- Potential target audiences in terms of brand attitudes: BL (Brand loyal), FBS (First brand switchers), OBL (Other brand loyal), OBS (Other brand switchers), NCU (Non-customers)
- Communication strategies will differ significantly, depending upon the target group.
+ If the target is primarily BL or FBS,... Continue reading "Developing a Marketing Plan for Brand Success" »

Ecology

The scientific study of how organisms interact with each other and with their non-living environment.

Ecological Niche

The manner in which an organism uses the resources in, and is influenced by the conditions of its habitat.

Habitat

The physical place, or type of place, where an organism lives.

Physical Adaptation

Genetically-inherited characteristics that enable a given organism to survive and reproduce using a given niche.

Niche Partitioning

The division of niches between species so as to cut down on competition.

Resource

A material that is used, and potentially used up.

Environmental Conditions

Background features of the habitat.

Fundamental Niche

The largest array of resources an organism can utilize.

Realized Niche

The actual set of resources... Continue reading "Ecology: The Study of Organism Interactions and Adaptations" »

1.Fighting World War II

In the mid-1930s, it became clear that peace wouldn’t last For long. Japan invaded China, and in Europe, the raising of Nazi Germany under Adolph Hitler’s run posed a growing threat. Roosevelt had no choice other than Following the policy of “appeasement”, in hopes that agreeing to Hitler’s Demands would prevent war.When war broke out in Europe in 1939, Roosevelt reconsidered Entering the conflict, but the American citizens still opposed. In 1940, Congress agreed to allow the sale of arms to Britain. Opponents of involvement In Europe created the America First Committee, that included well-known figures Like Henry Ford and Charles A. Lindbergh. In 1940, Roosevelt won the elections and was the first President... Continue reading "Engines" »

Basque Surnames (O.S.V : Ocho Apellidos Vascos) is one of the best Spanish comedy films of the last few years. It premiered in 2014 in cinemas all around Spain, and now it has over 2 million views. They have a sequel called Eight Catalan Surnames (O.S.V : Ocho Apellidos Catalanes).

The film starts with Amaia Zugasti (Clara Lago) travelling to Seville on a planned honeymoon that ends up being a friend trip. Rafa Quiros (Dani Rovira), is the owner of the bar where the girls go to have fun one night. Rafa starts telling jokes and making a clown out of Basque people which makes Amaia lose her temper. They end up fighting and he kicks her out. Instead of walking away, she starts another argument but they finish kissing in Rafa’s house. The next... Continue reading "Basque Surnames: A Spanish Rom-Com Gem" »