Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Medicine & Health

Essential Medical and Surgical Terminology

1. Anaesthetic

   A substance that induces insensitivity to pain.

2. Cosmetic

   Involving or relating to treatment intended to restore or improve a person's appearance.

3. Cure

   A substance or treatment that cures a disease or condition.

4. Enlarge

   Make or become bigger or more extensive.

5. Ethical

   Relating to moral principles or the branch of knowledge dealing with these.

6. Incision

   A surgical cut made in skin or flesh.

7. Infection

   The process of infecting or the state of being infected.

8. Inject

   Drive or force (a liquid, especially a drug or vaccine) into a person or animal's body with a syringe or similar device.

9. Intervention

   Action taken to improve a situation, especially a medical disorder.

10. Needle

    A very fine slender piece of metal with a

1. Medical.

Relating to the science of medicine, or to the treatment of illness and injuries.

2. Operate.

Perform a surgical operation.

3. Removal.

The action of taking away or abolishing something unwanted.

4. Repair.

The action of fixing or mending something.

5. Replacement.

The action or process of replacing someone or something.

6. Suffering.

The state of undergoing pain, distress, or hardship.

7. Tissue.

Any of the distinct types of material of which animals or plants are made, consisting of specialized cells and their products.

8. Transplant.

An operation in which an organ or tissue is transplanted.

9. Jaw.

Each of the upper and lower bony structures in vertebrates forming the framework of the mouth and containing the teeth.

10. Lungs.

Each of the pair... Continue reading "Medical Terminology and Definitions" »

What Is the Economy?

Often, when you are in high school, you feel that many subjects will not help you in your future life. It is common to hear students complaining about various subjects because they do not see a direct application to their everyday life—asking, "When am I going to use this?" Luckily, this does not happen with economics, a subject that will allow you to solve many of your real-world problems.

But what is economics? The late José Luis Sampedro would tell you that you are the economy. However, you likely want a more elaborate answer. Let us begin.

The Necessity of Choice

Because our resources (such as money and time) are scarce, but our needs are unlimited, we must choose how to use these resources and which needs to cover.

• Financial

Vocabulary

Pounding: To strike or hit heavily and repeatedly.

Gubby: Dirty.

Scrambled: More quickly.

Stashed: To store safely and secretly in a specified place.

Upset: The state of being unhappy, disappointed, or worried.

Nightmare: An unpleasant dream.

Countered: To speak or act in opposition to.

Grim (adj.): Something forbidding or uninviting. Depressing or worrying. Merciless (review).

Astonished: Surprised, impressed.

Relieved: To cause pain or distress to become less severe or serious (n. relief).

Attempts: To make an effort to achieve or complete.

Sully: To damage the purity or integrity of…

Jurors: Members of a jury.

Witnesses: People who see an event, typically a crime or accident.

Whereabouts: The place where someone or something is.

Retrieve: To... Continue reading "English Vocabulary: Definitions and Explanations" »

We all know and have used social media filters, whether to have fun or to remove imperfections. However, the problem arises when you start obsessing over them. Cosmetic doctors are finding that more and more people are bringing filtered photos and unaltered photos to point out exactly what they want to correct.

Constant Contact with Our Self-Image

__ says the root of the problem is quite simple: it's not just you who sees your face every day. Social media platforms, online forums, and even dating apps mean that often the first—and sometimes only—version of ourselves that other people encounter is a digital image.

In a recent set of statistics from the __, 55% of facial plastic surgeons reported seeing patients who wanted to enhance their appearance... Continue reading "The Impact of Selfie Dysmorphia on Modern Beauty" »

Health and Body Vocabulary

Ankle (tobillo), back, bandage, be sick (estar enfermo), bite (picadura), brain (cerebro), chest (pecho), cold (resfriado), cough (toser), device (dispositivo), dizzy (mareado), elbow (codo), fear (miedo), flu (gripe), food poisoning, headache, heart, itchy (produce picor), knee (rodilla), laugh (reírse), look for (buscar), lung (pulmón), neck (cuello), nerve cell (neurona), ointment (pomada), pill (pastilla), rash (sarpullido), rib (costilla), shoulder, skin (piel), sneeze (estornudar), sore (dolorido), spine (columna vertebral), sprained (tobillo torcido), sting (picadura), stomach, swollen (inflamado), temperature, throat (garganta), upset stomach, wheelchair, wrist (muñeca), X-ray.

Senses and Descriptive Adjectives

Accountant... Continue reading "Essential English Vocabulary and Grammar for Health" »

Common Medical Abbreviations

• CAD: Coronary Artery Disease
• CCF: Congestive Cardiac Failure
• CH.CF: Chronic Cardiac Failure
• CNS: Central Nervous System
• C/O: Complains Of
• CREPS: Crepitations (UK) (Rales)
• CT: Cerebral Tumor or Coronary Thrombosis
• CV: Cardiovascular
• CVS: Cardiovascular System or Cerebrovascular System
• D: Divorced
• ECG/EKG (US): Electrocardiogram
• F: Female
• FUO: Fever of Unknown Origin
• GA: General Anaesthetic
• GC: General Condition
• GIS: Gastrointestinal System
• GP: General Practitioner
• GUS: Genitourinary System
• GYN: Gynaecology
• HBP: High Blood Pressure
• HR: Heart Rate
• HS: Heart Sounds
• ID: Infectious Disease
• MSSU: Mid-stream Specimen of Urine
• NAD: No Abnormality Detected
• NOCTE: At Night
• NS: Nervous System
• O/E: On Examination
• OED: Oedema
• P.M: Afternoon
• T: Temperature
• TB:

Bile Composition and Physiological Significance

Bile (p. 224) is a watery mixture of organic and inorganic compounds that plays an essential role in fat digestion and absorption. It also serves as a medium for metabolic products. The daily secretion of bile is approximately 1000 ml.

Main Components of Bile

Bile contains no digestive enzymes. Its main components include:

• Bile salts (conjugated bile acids)
• Phospholipids (phosphatidylcholine)
• Cholesterol
• Proteins
• Electrolytes
• Water
• Bilirubin

Structure of Bile Acids

Bile acids consist of 24 carbons with two or three hydroxyl groups and a side chain terminating in a carboxyl group. They are amphipathic (possessing both polar and nonpolar sides), which provides their emulsification function.

Synthesis of Bile

Clinical Nursing Assessment and Intervention Scenarios

Hospice Care Assessment

A nurse assesses a hospice client. The assessment reveals BP 74/40, urine output 30 cc over 3 hours, poor skin turgor, skin cool to touch, respiratory rate 8 and irregular, and dysphagia. The nurse recognizes these combined assessment findings are signs of impending death.

Postoperative Care and Complications

• Pulmonary Prevention: A nurse is developing a plan of care for a postoperative client. To prevent pulmonary complications, the nurse should encourage the use of an incentive spirometer.
• Wound Healing: A nurse changing the dressing of a client 1 week postoperative following abdominal surgery notes serosanguineous drainage. The nurse should recognize this as a manifestation

Primary Immunodeficiencies

Primary immunodeficiencies are a group of disorders that affect the immune system, making it difficult for the body to fight off infections. These disorders can be inherited or acquired, and they can range in severity from mild to life-threatening.

Types of Primary Immunodeficiencies

There are many different types of primary immunodeficiencies, each with its own unique set of symptoms and causes. Some of the most common types include:

• B cell deficiencies affect the production of B cells, which are white blood cells that produce antibodies. Antibodies are proteins that help the body fight off infections.
• T cell deficiencies affect the production of T cells, which are white blood cells that help the body fight off infections.