Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Medicine & Health

Hyperthermia: Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

Causes of Hyperthermia

The body's normal temperature is controlled by the Hypothalamus, which maintains thermal homeostasis. Hyperthermia occurs when the thermoregulatory mechanism is overwhelmed by:

1. Increased environmental heat or strenuous exercise.
2. Increased heat production by the body (e.g., metabolic disorders).
3. Decreased heat emission or impaired thermoregulation.

Diagnosis (Dx) of Hyperthermia

I. Clinical Features (CF)

• Sweating (may be absent in severe heatstroke)
• Central Nervous System (CNS) changes (e.g., confusion, delirium)
• Tachycardia
• Pupillary changes

II. Instrumental and Laboratory Tests

• Body Temperature Measurement (Core temperature is essential)
• ECG: May show QRS widening or Osborn waves.
• Blood

Was: I, she, he, it
Were: you, we, they

Parts of the Body

Nitroglycerin

Action: Vasodilator

Indication: Angina, hypertension, MI from cocaine, intoxication

Contraindications: Hypotension, severe bradycardia, increased ICP, intracranial bleeding, erectile dysfunction

Route: Sublingual tablet or spray

Side Effects: Headache, hypotension, lightheadedness

Dosage:

• Tab: 0.4 mg every 5 minutes (up to 3 doses)
• Spray: 0.4 mg every 5 minutes (up to 3 doses)

Albuterol

Action: Stimulates B2 receptors (Bronchodilator)

Indication: Asthma, bronchitis, COPD, bronchoconstriction

Contraindications: Angioedema, hypersensitivity

Route: Inhaled

Side Effects: Hyperglycemia, palpitations, anxiety, tremor, nausea/vomiting, epistaxis, headache

Dosage:

• Nebulizer: 2.5 mg every 20 minutes (max 3 doses)
• MDI: 4-8 puffs

Nitrous Oxide

Action: Inhaled... Continue reading "Essential Emergency Medications: Clinical Reference" »

Secondary Hypertension

Causes of Secondary Hypertension

• Renal: Stenosis, PCKD, Obstruction
• Endocrine: Cushing's syndrome, Adrenogenital syndrome, Pheochromocytoma, Acromegaly
• Aorta Coarctation
• Other: Thyroid disorders, Hypercalcemia

Red Flags in Secondary Hypertension

• Hypokalemia
• Early age of onset
• Patient over 50 years old
• High severity
• Refractory to therapy
• Increased paroxysmal blood pressure
• Absence of obesity

Pheochromocytoma

Diagnosis

• Plasma metanephrine level
• Urine free catecholamine
• Ultrasound/CT
• MIBG In-111

Cushing's Syndrome

Diagnosis

• 24-hour urine cortisol
• 1 mg dexamethasone suppression test (screening)
• 8 mg dexamethasone suppression test
• Cortisol circadian rhythm
• Laboratory tests: Increased hematocrit/hemoglobin, decreased eosinophils
• Sinus/petrous imaging

Multiple

*** Constituent Parts of Rehabilitation System: Principle Goals....

- Can be: physical/psychological/social/educational

• Legal part
• Medical rehabilitation
• Vocational rehabilitation
• Education
• Compensatory technical, orthopedic means
• Environmental adaptation
• Culture, sports, recreation, religion

^^ Stages of Rehab:

• I----. Hospital Setting, Hospital Staff
• II----> In Sanatorium/Outpatient
• III----> Home Setting, Practitioner or Family Member

^^ Principles, Goals & Task of Rehab:

• Treatment of Pathology
• Decrease Impairment
• Prevent and Treat Complications
• Increase Activity
• Physiological

Essential Medical and Surgical Terminology

1. Anaesthetic

   A substance that induces insensitivity to pain.

2. Cosmetic

   Involving or relating to treatment intended to restore or improve a person's appearance.

3. Cure

   A substance or treatment that cures a disease or condition.

4. Enlarge

   Make or become bigger or more extensive.

5. Ethical

   Relating to moral principles or the branch of knowledge dealing with these.

6. Incision

   A surgical cut made in skin or flesh.

7. Infection

   The process of infecting or the state of being infected.

8. Inject

   Drive or force (a liquid, especially a drug or vaccine) into a person or animal's body with a syringe or similar device.

9. Intervention

   Action taken to improve a situation, especially a medical disorder.

10. Needle

    A very fine slender piece of metal with a

1. Medical.

Relating to the science of medicine, or to the treatment of illness and injuries.

2. Operate.

Perform a surgical operation.

3. Removal.

The action of taking away or abolishing something unwanted.

4. Repair.

The action of fixing or mending something.

5. Replacement.

The action or process of replacing someone or something.

6. Suffering.

The state of undergoing pain, distress, or hardship.

7. Tissue.

Any of the distinct types of material of which animals or plants are made, consisting of specialized cells and their products.

8. Transplant.

An operation in which an organ or tissue is transplanted.

9. Jaw.

Each of the upper and lower bony structures in vertebrates forming the framework of the mouth and containing the teeth.

10. Lungs.

Each of the pair... Continue reading "Medical Terminology and Definitions" »

What Is the Economy?

Often, when you are in high school, you feel that many subjects will not help you in your future life. It is common to hear students complaining about various subjects because they do not see a direct application to their everyday life—asking, "When am I going to use this?" Luckily, this does not happen with economics, a subject that will allow you to solve many of your real-world problems.

But what is economics? The late José Luis Sampedro would tell you that you are the economy. However, you likely want a more elaborate answer. Let us begin.

The Necessity of Choice

Because our resources (such as money and time) are scarce, but our needs are unlimited, we must choose how to use these resources and which needs to cover.

• Financial

Vocabulary

Pounding: To strike or hit heavily and repeatedly.

Gubby: Dirty.

Scrambled: More quickly.

Stashed: To store safely and secretly in a specified place.

Upset: The state of being unhappy, disappointed, or worried.

Nightmare: An unpleasant dream.

Countered: To speak or act in opposition to.

Grim (adj.): Something forbidding or uninviting. Depressing or worrying. Merciless (review).

Astonished: Surprised, impressed.

Relieved: To cause pain or distress to become less severe or serious (n. relief).

Attempts: To make an effort to achieve or complete.

Sully: To damage the purity or integrity of…

Jurors: Members of a jury.

Witnesses: People who see an event, typically a crime or accident.

Whereabouts: The place where someone or something is.

Retrieve: To... Continue reading "English Vocabulary: Definitions and Explanations" »