Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Medicine & Health

Teaching Health as a 21st-Century Skill for Children

An apple a day is not enough. Don't let me start preaching, but shouldn't the children of the country that's the wealthiest also be the children of the country that's the healthiest? That makes sense — you think that would be true. I know I would. I'm just saying: wouldn't you?

But that's not the case with our kids these days. Kids' health is declining in all kinds of ways. We need to improve it, we can, and we will — but it starts with thinking of health as a skill, a 21st-century skill that you practice. Practice makes perfect. The unhealthy can't hack this. We've got to teach our kids by example every day, and it's tough because people stop listening when they think they know what... Continue reading "Teaching Health as a 21st-Century Skill for Children" »

Medical & Everyday Vocabulary

English to Spanish Terms

• Tablet: Comprimido
• Stomach ache: Dolor de estómago
• It's twenty past one: Son la 1:20
• Neck: Cuello
• Low cholesterol: Colesterol bajo
• Iron: Hierro
• Elbow: Codo
• Lotion: Loción
• Shoulder: Hombro
• Cream: Crema
• Onion: Cebolla

Spanish to English Terms

• Mano: Hand
• Oreja: Ear
• Nariz: Nose
• Espalda: Back
• Carne: Meat
• Pescado: Fish
• Vegetales: Vegetables
• Productos lácteos: Dairy products

Pharmacy Dialogues

Dialogue 1: Spanish Interaction

• Pharmacist: Buenos días, ¿puedo ayudarle?
• Patient: Sí, esto me duele.
• Pharmacist: ¿Le duele la garganta?
• Patient: Sí, me duele la garganta.

Dialogue 2: English Pharmacy Visit

• Pharmacist: Hello, Ochoa Pharmacy. May I help you?
• Patient: I'm not feeling well. I feel dizzy and I have a bad headache.

Mastering Causative Verbs: "Have Something Done"

This section demonstrates how to transform active sentences into causative structures using the verb "have" (or "get"), focusing on situations where the subject arranges for an action to be performed by someone else.

Example:

• John will have someone bring him the post. (John will have the post brought to him.)

Practice Sentences:

• The make-up artist was applying the model's lipstick. (The model was having lipstick applied.)
• Ask the cook to prepare the vegetables. (Have the vegetables prepared.)
• Have you told the accountant to check the figures? (Have you had the figures checked?)
• Jim hates the teacher correcting his mistakes. (Jim hates having his mistakes corrected.)
• Did the beautician paint Joanne's nails?

Syllable Weight and Lexical Stress Prediction

Syllable weight is important in the prediction of English lexical stress because the syllable that will always be stressed will be heavy. A heavy syllable contains either a long vowel, a diphthong, or a short vowel followed by two consonants, where the first consonant belongs to the same syllable as the vowel.

Secondary Stress Rules

If the primary stress is on the third syllable or later, there will be a secondary stress two syllables before it. Examples include:

• ,Super'sede
• ,curi'osity
• ,eco'nomic
• ,continu'ation

Compound Nouns vs. Syntactic Units

In terms of meaning, you cannot infer the meaning of Compound Nouns (CN) by their components, whereas you can with Syntactic Units (SU). For example:

• Rédneck: A

Synonyms and Antonyms: Enhance Your Vocabulary

Common Expressions and Feelings

• Ready: In place
• Resemble: Take after
• Move from childhood to adulthood: Grow up
• Prove to be the case: Turn out
• Really depressed: Down in the dumps
• Really happy: Over the moon
• Became really angry: Fly off the handle
• An annoying person or thing: Pain in the neck
• A very kind personality: Heart of gold
• Run a gentle pace: Jog
• Extremely unhappy: Heartbroken
• Extremely thin: Skinny
• Slightly hungry: Peckish
• Overweight: Obese
• Look at something quickly: Glance
• Grumpy: Bad-tempered
• Bullying: Hurting
• Grim: Worrying
• Tempting: Appealing
• Big, not long: Large
• Recommend: Advise
• In the end: Eventually
• Place where waste is taken and left: Rubbish dump
• Help someone to remember something: Remind
• Using up a supply

Factors Affecting Human Health

• Biological: Asthma, diabetes, allergies.
• Environmental: Air pollution, contamination, radiation.
• Lifestyle: Drug use, physical activity, diet.
• Psychological: Depression, trauma, stress.

Diseases and Their Causes

Bacterial Infections

• Cholera: Severe diarrheal illness.
• Bubonic Plague: Characterized by swollen lymph nodes.
• Tuberculosis: Spread via respiratory droplets. Symptoms include weight loss, night sweats, fever, fatigue, and loss of appetite.

Protozoan Infections

• Malaria: Transmitted by mosquitoes; causes fever, sweats, and fatigue.
• Sleeping Sickness: Transmitted by tsetse flies; causes headaches and fever.
• Athlete's Foot: A fungal skin infection causing a red, ring-like rash.

Mental Health Conditions

• CJD (Creutzfeldt-Jakob

Major Health Concerns: Understanding Risks & Prevention

Eating Disorders

Eating disorders are serious conditions characterized by severe disturbances in eating behaviors, thoughts, and emotions. They can have significant physical and psychological consequences.

Bulimia Nervosa

Bulimia Nervosa is characterized by recurrent episodes of binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors such as self-induced vomiting, excessive exercise, or misuse of laxatives. These episodes are often accompanied by a deep sense of guilt and a feeling of loss of control.

Effects of Bulimia Nervosa:

• Esophageal rupture
• Cardiac arrhythmia
• Anxiety
• Dehydration
• Menstrual disorders or amenorrhea (absence of menstruation)
• Sudden weight fluctuations (reduction or increase)
• Increased

Tropical Disease Concerns: Malaria Prevention

Mosquitoes thrive in hot and humid areas, particularly in wetlands and tropical regions of the developing world. Lowering the sanitary level can increase the risk. Prevention methods include the desiccation of wetlands, and the use of insecticides and mosquito repellents.

Research Challenges in Tropical Medicine

Medicines Investigated: In the last 10 years, less than 1% of research investment has focused on diseases like Malaria (caused by Plasmodium protozoa).

Protozoa vs. Bacteria

Diseases in the developing world often lack profitable research or investment. Protozoa (eukaryotes) are phylogenetically close to us, meaning agents likely to be toxic to the protozoan may also affect human cells.

Examples

1. Lift Weights

Lifting weights is one of the best, fastest, and most effective ways to burn fat. Muscle mass is very important. Weight lifting helps you keep and expand it.

• Your body's metabolism will have to do more work (i.e., burn more calories) in order to sustain your muscle, even if you're just sitting down watching TV!
• You get a nice after-workout extra calorie burn for up to 38 hours.
• You're going to look amazing underneath your fat tissue, so once it's gone, you'll look toned and great, not soft and skinny!
• It is recommended that you do at least 3-4 workouts a week.
  • If you are doing 3 days, go for compound exercises to maximize time!
  • If you can do 4 workouts a week, an upper body/lower body split is recommended again to make the most of

Metal Fumes and Vapors

Molten metal, due to its higher vapor pressure at the surface (proportional to temperature), releases fumes into the atmosphere. Oxidized metal fumes typically react with oxygen in the air and condense into solid particles smaller than one micron (µm), which remain airborne. These are termed metal fumes.

Smoke and metal fumes, along with inorganic metal powders such as lead and mercury, can cause toxic effects, irritation, or lead to pneumoconiosis. They are absorbed through inhalation or ingestion. Industrial hygiene experience indicates that poisoning via inhalation is more likely than ingestion.

Toxic smoke reaching the lungs can pass directly into the bloodstream, reaching various organs and tissues quickly. In contrast,... Continue reading "Understanding Metal Fumes and Lead Toxicity in Industry" »