Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Medicine & Health

We all know and have used social media filters, whether to have fun or to remove imperfections. However, the problem arises when you start obsessing over them. Cosmetic doctors are finding that more and more people are bringing filtered photos and unaltered photos to point out exactly what they want to correct.

Constant Contact with Our Self-Image

__ says the root of the problem is quite simple: it's not just you who sees your face every day. Social media platforms, online forums, and even dating apps mean that often the first—and sometimes only—version of ourselves that other people encounter is a digital image.

In a recent set of statistics from the __, 55% of facial plastic surgeons reported seeing patients who wanted to enhance their appearance... Continue reading "The Impact of Selfie Dysmorphia on Modern Beauty" »

Health and Body Vocabulary

Ankle (tobillo), back, bandage, be sick (estar enfermo), bite (picadura), brain (cerebro), chest (pecho), cold (resfriado), cough (toser), device (dispositivo), dizzy (mareado), elbow (codo), fear (miedo), flu (gripe), food poisoning, headache, heart, itchy (produce picor), knee (rodilla), laugh (reírse), look for (buscar), lung (pulmón), neck (cuello), nerve cell (neurona), ointment (pomada), pill (pastilla), rash (sarpullido), rib (costilla), shoulder, skin (piel), sneeze (estornudar), sore (dolorido), spine (columna vertebral), sprained (tobillo torcido), sting (picadura), stomach, swollen (inflamado), temperature, throat (garganta), upset stomach, wheelchair, wrist (muñeca), X-ray.

Senses and Descriptive Adjectives

Accountant... Continue reading "Essential English Vocabulary and Grammar for Health" »

Common Medical Abbreviations

• CAD: Coronary Artery Disease
• CCF: Congestive Cardiac Failure
• CH.CF: Chronic Cardiac Failure
• CNS: Central Nervous System
• C/O: Complains Of
• CREPS: Crepitations (UK) (Rales)
• CT: Cerebral Tumor or Coronary Thrombosis
• CV: Cardiovascular
• CVS: Cardiovascular System or Cerebrovascular System
• D: Divorced
• ECG/EKG (US): Electrocardiogram
• F: Female
• FUO: Fever of Unknown Origin
• GA: General Anaesthetic
• GC: General Condition
• GIS: Gastrointestinal System
• GP: General Practitioner
• GUS: Genitourinary System
• GYN: Gynaecology
• HBP: High Blood Pressure
• HR: Heart Rate
• HS: Heart Sounds
• ID: Infectious Disease
• MSSU: Mid-stream Specimen of Urine
• NAD: No Abnormality Detected
• NOCTE: At Night
• NS: Nervous System
• O/E: On Examination
• OED: Oedema
• P.M: Afternoon
• T: Temperature
• TB:

Bile Composition and Physiological Significance

Bile (p. 224) is a watery mixture of organic and inorganic compounds that plays an essential role in fat digestion and absorption. It also serves as a medium for metabolic products. The daily secretion of bile is approximately 1000 ml.

Main Components of Bile

Bile contains no digestive enzymes. Its main components include:

• Bile salts (conjugated bile acids)
• Phospholipids (phosphatidylcholine)
• Cholesterol
• Proteins
• Electrolytes
• Water
• Bilirubin

Structure of Bile Acids

Bile acids consist of 24 carbons with two or three hydroxyl groups and a side chain terminating in a carboxyl group. They are amphipathic (possessing both polar and nonpolar sides), which provides their emulsification function.

Synthesis of Bile

Clinical Nursing Assessment and Intervention Scenarios

Hospice Care Assessment

A nurse assesses a hospice client. The assessment reveals BP 74/40, urine output 30 cc over 3 hours, poor skin turgor, skin cool to touch, respiratory rate 8 and irregular, and dysphagia. The nurse recognizes these combined assessment findings are signs of impending death.

Postoperative Care and Complications

• Pulmonary Prevention: A nurse is developing a plan of care for a postoperative client. To prevent pulmonary complications, the nurse should encourage the use of an incentive spirometer.
• Wound Healing: A nurse changing the dressing of a client 1 week postoperative following abdominal surgery notes serosanguineous drainage. The nurse should recognize this as a manifestation

Anticholinergic Agents

ANTICOLINÉRGICOS naturales (atropina, escopolamina, homatropina) y sintéticos (de 3ª generación: trihexifenidilo y tropicamida; de 4ª generación: ipratropio, tiotropio, diciclomina, ciclopentolato, difenidol).

• Parkinson: trihexifenidilo, difenhidramina.
• Sinetosis (mareo por movimiento): escopolamina.
• Midriasis: tropicamida, homatropina.
• Broncoespasmo: ipratropio, tiotropio.

Receptores muscarínicos

• M1: agonista (acetilcolina); antagonistas: pirenzepina. Localización: ganglios autónomos, glándulas, SNC. Mecanismo: activación de IP3.
• M2: agonista: betanecol; antagonista: galamina. Localización: miocardio, músculo liso, SNC.
• M3: antagonista: darifenacina (L68). Localización: músculo liso, endotelio, SNC, glándulas.

Primary Immunodeficiencies

Primary immunodeficiencies are a group of disorders that affect the immune system, making it difficult for the body to fight off infections. These disorders can be inherited or acquired, and they can range in severity from mild to life-threatening.

Types of Primary Immunodeficiencies

There are many different types of primary immunodeficiencies, each with its own unique set of symptoms and causes. Some of the most common types include:

• B cell deficiencies affect the production of B cells, which are white blood cells that produce antibodies. Antibodies are proteins that help the body fight off infections.
• T cell deficiencies affect the production of T cells, which are white blood cells that help the body fight off infections.

Malnutrition

Malnutrition: results from a poor diet or a lack of food. It happens when the intake of nutrients or energy is too high, too low, or poorly balanced. Malnutrition involves a dietary deficiency. People may eat too much of the wrong type of food and have malnutrition. Undernutrition can lead to delayed growth or wasting, while a diet that provides too much food, but not necessarily balanced, leads to obesity. In many parts of the world, undernutrition results from a lack of food. In some cases, however, undernourishment may stem from a health condition, such as an eating disorder or a chronic illness that prevents the person from absorbing nutrients.

Symptoms

History of Medicine

Today, when we have a bad cold or fever, we can go to the doctor and get a prescription for some kind of medicine. But what did people do hundreds of years ago? They couldn't go to the chemist and they couldn't take an aspirin. What could they do?

Ancient Egyptians had a very effective system of medicine. It was very advanced for its time. The Egyptians introduced the concepts of diagnosis and medical examination. They also performed the first surgery around 2750 BC.

The famous Greek physician Hippocrates used herbs in his treatments. But what medicine could ancient people take when they had a headache, a cold, or a stomach ache? Herbal medicine.

Herbal medicine is the oldest form of healthcare. Primitive men observed the great... Continue reading "Ancient Medicine & Modern First Aid" »

Hyperadrenalism

Cushing Syndrome