Mastering English Grammar and Essential Vocabulary

English Verb Tenses and Reported Speech

Past Perfect (before), Past Simple (yesterday), Present Perfect (this morning), Present Simple (now).

Reported Speech Transformations

• Stays → stayed
• Is staying → was staying
• Stayed → had stayed
• Was staying → had been staying
• Has stayed → had stayed
• Has been staying → had been staying
• Had stayed → had stayed
• Will stay → would stay
• Can → could
• May → might
• Must / Have to → had to
• Will → would

Time and Place Changes

• Now → then
• Today → that day
• Yesterday → the day before
• Tomorrow → the day after
• Here → there
• This → that
• These → those

Questions, Orders, and Suggestions

Questions: Use normal sentence order. Orders: Use to (without a subject). Let's: Use -ing (without is).

Passive Voice Construction

Formula: To be + past participle (-ed)

• Signs → are signed
• Is signing → are being signed
• Signed → were signed
• Was signing → were being signed
• Has signed → have been signed
• Had signed → had been signed
• Will sign → will be signed
• Must have → must have been

Conditional Sentences

• Zero Conditional: Always Present Simple + Present Simple.
• First Conditional: Present Simple + Future Simple / Present Simple / Imperative / Modal.
• Second Conditional (Hypothetical): Past Simple + would / could / might.
• Third Conditional (Past): Past Perfect (had + -ed) + would have + past participle (-ed).

Expressing Wishes with Wish and If Only

• Wish / If only + Past Simple: Present regrets.
• Wish / If only + Past Perfect (had + -ed): Past regrets.
• Wish / If only + Could / Would + base form: Future desires or complaints.

Common English Prefixes

Unbelievable (increíble), dishonest, impolite (mal educado), inactive, illegal, international, overpopulated, underpaid, rebuild, misbehave (portarse mal), antinuclear, multicultural, unspoilt, disapprove.

Essential Vocabulary and Definitions

• Appeal to: gustar a
• Award: premio
• Approach: acercarse a
• Auction: subasta
• Avoid: evitar
• Be around: estar presente
• Bizarre: extraño
• Ban: prohibir
• Believable: creíble
• Bid: puja
• Call off: cancelar
• Cheer: aclamar
• Come down on: ser duro con
• Costume: traje
• Currently: actualmente
• Charged with: acusado de
• Clerk: empleado
• Convicted: condenado
• Court: tribunal
• Dazzling: deslumbrante
• Display: exponer
• Damage: dañar
• Dispose of / Dump: tirar
• Drilling: perforación
• Endangered: peligro de extinción
• Fuel: combustible
• Guilty: culpable
• Front row seat: asiento en primera fila
• Go wild: enloquecer
• Huge hit: gran éxito
• Impolite: mal educado
• Landfill: vertedero
• Litter: basura
• Lobby: sala de espera
• Stage: escenario
• Misbehave: portarse mal
• Outspoken: declarado
• Overcrowded: superpoblado
• Polite: educado
• Pollute: contaminar
• Pristine: virgen
• Performance: actuación
• Regret: lamentar
• Rehearse: ensayar
• Review: crítica
• Sell out: vendidas
• Set: escenario
• Show off: presumir
• Venue: lugar de celebración
• Waitress: camarera
• Wealthy: rico
• Weird: raro
• Worship: adorar
• Treasure: tesoro
• Trial: juicio
• Underweight: delgado
• Unspoilt: natural
• Waste: residuos
• Wilderness: tierra
• Wildlife: fauna