Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Medicine & Health

English-Spanish Vocabulary Lists by Topic

Personality Traits

• Ambitious (ambicioso) vs. Pushy (sin escrúpulos)
• Assertive (asertivo) vs. Bossy (mandón)
• Broad-minded (de mente abierta) vs. Narrow-minded (de mente cerrada)
• Determined (decidido) vs. Stubborn (cabezón)
• Easy-going (fácil de tratar) vs. Nervous (nervioso)
• Generous (generoso) vs. Tight-fisted (tacaño)
• Frank (franco) vs. Brusque (brusco)
• Gifted (talentoso) vs. Slow (lento)
• Mature (maduro) vs. Immature (inmaduro)
• Modest (modesto) vs. Big-headed (creído)
• Tactful (con tacto) vs. Tactless (sin tacto)
• Outgoing (sociable) vs. Reserved (reservado)
• Self-confident (seguro de sí mismo) vs. Arrogant (arrogante) or Insecure (inseguro)

Buying and Selling

• Afford (permitirse algo)
• Bargain (ganga)
• Cash (dinero

Can Stress Be Helpful for Us?

We know what stress is and how it can affect people, but can stress be helpful for us? Can we make stress our friend? How?

(Video: How to make stress your friend)

Stress is a physical and mental condition that occurs when we adapt to the environment. There are some events that produce this internal state, such as work pressure, marital problems, financial problems, travel, dating, or getting a new job. Stress can be a major behavioral risk if it’s severe or prolonged, but it is not always bad. In this way, we know what stress is and how it can affect people, but can stress be helpful for us?

The Impact of Long-Term Stress

On the one hand, long-term stress produces maladaptive changes. Its impact can be understood... Continue reading "Transforming Stress into a Positive Force" »

Cushing Syndrome and Cushing Disease

Cushing Syndrome is characterized by the production of excess cortisol, often resulting from glucocorticoid (GCD) medication. Cushing Disease specifically refers to a pituitary tumor causing the overproduction of ACTH.

Clinical Features

• Sudden weight gain and truncal obesity
• Buffalo hump and moon face
• Abdominal striae
• Red face (due to thinning blood vessels)
• Hypertension

Laboratory Findings

• Hypernatremia (High Na)
• Hypokalemia (Low K)
• Glucosuria

Diagnosis

1. Low-Dose Dexamethasone Suppression Test: In cases of pituitary adenoma, there will be a suppression of cortisol.
2. No Response to Dexamethasone: If cortisol remains high, it indicates an ACTH-secreting tumor or adrenal neoplasia.
3. Adrenal Neoplasia vs. ACTH-Secreting Tumor:

Guideline

1. Focus on Solving (All / None)

2. Focus on Solving (T/F)

3. Focus on Solving Subject by Subject

Moderate Allergy Tx

(C)

Aphyxia

->(ER Tracheostomy)

Larynx Abd

->(C-A-P)

Allergy

-> Pale mucosa!

Septal Resection Does Not Cause

-> Nasal Polyp

Photoan

-> Weak VC

Contact Ulcer

-> Vocal abuse!

VC Lateral

-> Paralysis

VC Constriction

-> Functional aphonia!

Bullous Myringitis

-> PS Aeruginosa!

Normal Skin

-> Except diphtheria!

Swelling of Inner Orbital

-> ALL

Sinuses

• Posterior Ethmoid -> (Superior meatus)
• Max sinus -> Middle meatus
• Max sinus -> at nose level

Tonsillitis

• Acute (NOT) Nasopharyngeal obstruction
• Chronic (Not) -> bad smell!
• Hypertrophy (compli) -> Otitis media + Hearing loss
• Chronic (except) -> systemic features!

Hyperthermia: Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

Causes of Hyperthermia

The body's normal temperature is controlled by the Hypothalamus, which maintains thermal homeostasis. Hyperthermia occurs when the thermoregulatory mechanism is overwhelmed by:

1. Increased environmental heat or strenuous exercise.
2. Increased heat production by the body (e.g., metabolic disorders).
3. Decreased heat emission or impaired thermoregulation.

Diagnosis (Dx) of Hyperthermia

I. Clinical Features (CF)

• Sweating (may be absent in severe heatstroke)
• Central Nervous System (CNS) changes (e.g., confusion, delirium)
• Tachycardia
• Pupillary changes

II. Instrumental and Laboratory Tests

• Body Temperature Measurement (Core temperature is essential)
• ECG: May show QRS widening or Osborn waves.
• Blood

Nitroglycerin

Action: Vasodilator

Indication: Angina, hypertension, MI from cocaine, intoxication

Contraindications: Hypotension, severe bradycardia, increased ICP, intracranial bleeding, erectile dysfunction

Route: Sublingual tablet or spray

Side Effects: Headache, hypotension, lightheadedness

Dosage:

• Tab: 0.4 mg every 5 minutes (up to 3 doses)
• Spray: 0.4 mg every 5 minutes (up to 3 doses)

Albuterol

Action: Stimulates B2 receptors (Bronchodilator)

Indication: Asthma, bronchitis, COPD, bronchoconstriction

Contraindications: Angioedema, hypersensitivity

Route: Inhaled

Side Effects: Hyperglycemia, palpitations, anxiety, tremor, nausea/vomiting, epistaxis, headache

Dosage:

• Nebulizer: 2.5 mg every 20 minutes (max 3 doses)
• MDI: 4-8 puffs

Nitrous Oxide

Action: Inhaled... Continue reading "Essential Emergency Medications: Clinical Reference" »

Secondary Hypertension

Causes of Secondary Hypertension

• Renal: Stenosis, PCKD, Obstruction
• Endocrine: Cushing's syndrome, Adrenogenital syndrome, Pheochromocytoma, Acromegaly
• Aorta Coarctation
• Other: Thyroid disorders, Hypercalcemia

Red Flags in Secondary Hypertension

• Hypokalemia
• Early age of onset
• Patient over 50 years old
• High severity
• Refractory to therapy
• Increased paroxysmal blood pressure
• Absence of obesity

Pheochromocytoma

Diagnosis

• Plasma metanephrine level
• Urine free catecholamine
• Ultrasound/CT
• MIBG In-111

Cushing's Syndrome

Diagnosis

• 24-hour urine cortisol
• 1 mg dexamethasone suppression test (screening)
• 8 mg dexamethasone suppression test
• Cortisol circadian rhythm
• Laboratory tests: Increased hematocrit/hemoglobin, decreased eosinophils
• Sinus/petrous imaging

Multiple

*** Constituent Parts of Rehabilitation System: Principle Goals....

- Can be: physical/psychological/social/educational

• Legal part
• Medical rehabilitation
• Vocational rehabilitation
• Education
• Compensatory technical, orthopedic means
• Environmental adaptation
• Culture, sports, recreation, religion

^^ Stages of Rehab:

• I----. Hospital Setting, Hospital Staff
• II----> In Sanatorium/Outpatient
• III----> Home Setting, Practitioner or Family Member

^^ Principles, Goals & Task of Rehab:

• Treatment of Pathology
• Decrease Impairment
• Prevent and Treat Complications
• Increase Activity
• Physiological