Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Medicine & Health

1. Health and Illness

1. Health and illness

1.1 Health and Its Determinants

The World Health Organization (WHO) defines health as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being.

Health depends on a number of factors known as determinants of health. Determinants include individual biological factors, environmental factors, and factors related to health measures, all of which affect our health.

Biological Determinants

Biological determinants are personal characteristics related to the physiological make-up of the human body. These include increasing age and certain characteristics an individual is born with, which may be inherited from their parents.

Environmental Determinants

Environmental determinants are features of our surroundings. Positive... Continue reading "Health and Illness: Determinants, Types, and Transmission" »

Appearance

In my opinion, appearance boosts self-confidence and self-esteem, and physical appearance really matters in a relationship. For instance, in a marriage, partners need to take care of themselves physically in order to sustain their relationship. Many women face marital problems as they go out of shape after having children. Those women who take care of their physical appearance tend to have a better rapport with their partners.

Nevertheless, many women are obsessed with looking good in relation to the kind of clothes they wear, make-up, body shape, hair style, skin tone, and so on. In recent years, the general definition of what it means to look good for a man has also changed, including wearing nice clothes, looking after their hair,... Continue reading "The Impact of Appearance on Self-Esteem and Society" »

all or nothing risking. everything

alternative.different from what is usual or traditional

awesome. estupendo/impresionante

backing track .grabación de fondo

be sick of .sb/sth to be annoyed and bored with a person or situation

bleak. dark, depressing

brilliant .excelente

chilling. escalofriante/espeluznante

commodity .mercancía

create a stir. causar revuelo

creepy. escalofriante/espeluznante

do's and don'ts .things that you should and should not do

dull .aburrido/soso

electrifying. very exciting

(every) now and then/now and again .sometimes

fast-paced .vertiginoso/acelerado

flop. a film, show, etc. .that is not successful/fracaso

for a song. very cheaply

freebbie. when you don't pay for sth

geek. a peculiar person

giggle .nervous laughter

give and take .when... Continue reading "Vocabulary for Everyday Life" »

Cardiac and Respiratory Assessment Findings

Dizziness and Cardiac Conduction Issues

The blackouts do not seem to have had any relationship to posture. They have been a mixture of dizziness and loss of consciousness. The one witnessed episode seems to have been associated with loss of color. This suggests a loss of cardiac output, usually associated with an arrhythmia. This may be the case despite the absence of any other cardiac symptoms. There may be an obvious flushing of the skin as cardiac output and blood flow return.

The normal ECG and chest X-ray when the patient attended hospital after an episode do not rule out an intermittent conduction problem. On this occasion, the symptoms have remained in a more minor form. The ECG shows third-degree... Continue reading "Clinical Assessment of Complete Heart Block and Asthma Diagnosis" »

The High Cost of Untreated Addiction

Unfortunately, people who experience stigma regarding their drug use are less likely to seek treatment, which results in significant economic, social, and medical costs. In the United States, the costs associated with untreated addiction—including those related to healthcare, criminal justice, and lost productivity—amounted to a staggering $510 billion (Harwood, 2000).

Stigma in Healthcare: A Barrier to Care

Perceived stigma in hospitals or doctors’ offices can significantly discourage individuals from accessing essential healthcare services. While having a trusted primary care doctor is associated with maintaining well-being and a good quality of life, studies reveal that some healthcare providers feel... Continue reading "Stigma's Impact on Addiction Treatment Access" »

Verb and Adjective Patterns with Prepositions

• Concentrate on something
• Shout at someone for doing something
• Shout to someone to do something
• Argue with someone
• Apologize to someone
• Complain about something
• Insist on doing something
• Depend on someone
• Rely on someone
• Argue about something
• Lie about something
• Criticized for doing something
• Pay for something
• Translate into something
• Succeed in doing something
• Specialize in something
• React to something
• Apologize for something
• Accuse someone of doing something
• Search for something
• Borrow from someone
• Lend to someone
• Aim at something/doing something
• Name after someone
• Divide into something
• Complain to someone about something
• Proud of someone/something
• Upset with someone
• Upset about something
• Good at something/doing something
• Protest

Clinical Laboratory Equipment Essentials

Water Bath

Used to incubate samples at a desired temperature.

Centrifuge

An equipment used to separate substances that differ significantly in their masses by using centrifugal force.

Spectrophotometer

Measures substances in the ultraviolet (200 – 400 nm) as well as in the visible range (400 – 700 nm) of the electromagnetic spectrum of light.

Micropipettes

Used to dispense micro volumes of samples or reagents.

Enzyme Kinetics and Inhibition

Competitive vs. Non-Competitive Inhibitors

Relationship Between Km and Substrate Affinity

• An enzyme with a high Km has a low affinity for its substrate and requires a greater concentration

Please stand (1) on this board. Put your hands on the back of your hips and your elbows forward. I'll help you. (2) push your elbows (3) out. Keep (4) breathing. In a moment I'll ask you to (5) take a deep breath in and hold it. Breathe in, (6) hold it. That's it. Fine. You can breathe out now.

Thank you. I'll need to check the film. Now I'm going to take a side view.

Can you stand (7) sideways with your right side close to the machine and your arms raised?

1 MRI provides more detailed information than CT because of high contrast sensitivity.

2 MRI is not approved for use in the first three months of pregnancy.

3 MRI is safer than X-rays because there is no radiation.

4 MRI allows imaging on many planes unlike CT.

1 I'm going to

We Are What We Eat

Good morning, my name is Mª José and I am going to talk about eating habits.

Understanding Diets

First of all, a diet can be described as a set course of eating and drinking in which the kind and amount of food one should eat is planned out in order to achieve weight loss or follow a certain lifestyle.

I’ll focus on the Mediterranean diet, vegetarian diet, and vegan diet.

The Mediterranean Diet

On the one hand, I am really keen on the Mediterranean diet because it is full of vitamins, minerals, and good fats. Of course, my favourite dish is “Paella”.

It is a typical Valencian dish made with rice, vegetables, rabbit, and chicken.

Moreover, I always try to eat home-made food. When I don’t have enough time to cook, I prepare... Continue reading "Healthy Eating Habits: Mediterranean, Vegetarian, and Vegan Diets" »

Medicine, Health, and Lifestyle

The Importance of Healthy Eating

Eating healthy food helps you keep fit and is very important for our body because extra weight puts additional pressure on joints and bones.

Furthermore, a balanced diet makes it less likely to suffer from heart attacks, cancer, diabetes, and obesity.

Balancing Your Diet: Fats, Sugars, and Salt

While our diet requires some fats, sugars, and salt, consuming them in large quantities is not advisable.

Vitamins, Minerals, and a Fruitful Diet

Providing our body with essential vitamins and minerals is paramount, best achieved through a balanced diet rich in fruits and vegetables.

Exercise: Benefits and Considerations

Some people believe exercise is the most crucial factor for a healthy lifestyle,... Continue reading "Optimal Health: Diet, Stress Management, and Medical Paths" »