Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Medicine & Health

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Understanding Common Skin Conditions: Pityriasis Versicolor, Lichen Planus, and More

Classified in Medicine & Health

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Pityriasis Versicolor

Pathogen: Malassezia furfur
Clinical Features:
  • Asymptomatic or pink scaly patches on the trunk
Lab Findings:
  • KOH preparation or black ink/stained dry smear/histopathology
  • Culture: Growing fungi
Diagnosis: Based on physical and lab findings
Treatment: Griseofulvin, polyenes, azoles

Lichen Planus

General:
  • Idiopathic inflammatory disease affecting skin, hair, nails, and mucosa
  • Common in middle-aged adults
Pathophysiology:
  • T cell and cytokine cell infiltration leading to IFN-gamma and TNF release
  • HLADR-8 overexpression and keratinocyte adhesion
  • Basal cell damage and reactive hyperkeratosis
Forms:
  • Subjective: Intense pruritus
  • Objective: Papules, fine scale
  • Mucosal: Tongue and buccal involvement
  • Nail: Plate thinning, long grooving and ridging, subungual
... Continue reading "Understanding Common Skin Conditions: Pityriasis Versicolor, Lichen Planus, and More" »

Essential English Phrasal Verbs and Vocabulary

Classified in Medicine & Health

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Phrases Related to Communication and Decisions

  • Hang up: End a phone conversation.
  • Hang on (a minute): Wait.
  • Hang on tight: Hold onto something firmly.
  • Hanging about: Standing around doing nothing productive.
  • Hung back: Hesitate due to nervousness.
  • Make up my mind: Decide.
  • Make a habit of: Get used to doing something regularly.
  • Make the most of our time: Gain as much advantage as possible from the time available.
  • Make out: Manage to see or discern something.
  • Make do with: Manage using something that is not entirely satisfactory.
  • Manage to: Succeed in doing something.
  • Suggest: Followed by a gerund (-ing) or 'should'.

Verbs Describing Movement and Observation

  • Fling off/flang: Take away or remove something.
  • Creep/crept: Move very slowly and secretly.
  • Fumble: To
... Continue reading "Essential English Phrasal Verbs and Vocabulary" »

Strange News: Martian Sightings, Celebrity Mishaps

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Alleged Martian Sighting During Dog Walk

A woman reported seeing Martians on a hill last Thursday around 10:00 PM while walking her dog. She claims she encountered a Martian who intended to harm her, but she managed to escape. The woman was later admitted to the hospital with a nervous breakdown.

"Are we in danger of a Martian invasion?" concerned neighbors inquired. However, in a press conference, the police reassured residents that the woman had tested positive for drugs and that there was no cause for alarm.

Lady Gaga Cancels Barcelona Concert Due to Food Poisoning

Lady Gaga was forced to cancel her concert in Barcelona last night due to severe stomach pains. The incident occurred during the Spanish leg of her tour.

After the concert began, she... Continue reading "Strange News: Martian Sightings, Celebrity Mishaps" »

Mastering English Verb Tenses and Future Structures

Classified in Medicine & Health

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Future Forms and Arrangements

Present Continuous for Future

Use the present continuous for actions already decided and arranged. Do not use it for actions that are not arranged. It is also used for actions happening just before they begin, especially with verbs of movement.

Present Simple for Schedules

Use the present simple for timetables and fixed programs.

Going To vs. Present Continuous

  • I am going to do something: You have decided to do it, but it is not necessarily arranged.
  • I am doing something: You have decided and arranged it.
  • Predictions: Use going to when something is about to happen (e.g., "It is going to rain").
  • Past Intentions: Use was going to for things you intended to do but did not, or for events that were expected but did not happen.
... Continue reading "Mastering English Verb Tenses and Future Structures" »

Miley's Essence: Her Appearance and Personality Defined

Classified in Medicine & Health

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Miley's Distinctive Traits

Physical Characteristics

Miley is of normal height, neither very tall nor very short, though she sometimes uses heels to add a few centimeters. She has a thin physique and cares deeply about her body, embracing it confidently and having no reservations about showcasing it. Her skin is clear and delicate, yet she loves spending hours tanning.

Hair Style & Care

Her hair is long and wavy, a vibrant blonde that she occasionally dyes or straightens, though she prefers its natural curls. It's bright and lustrous, clearly well-cared for.

Striking Facial Features

A characteristic feature is her clear, unusually colored eyes, perfectly sized and often accentuated with makeup. Her nose is not very broad; while not unattractive,... Continue reading "Miley's Essence: Her Appearance and Personality Defined" »

Mastering English Grammar and Essential Vocabulary

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English Verb Tenses and Reported Speech

Past Perfect (before), Past Simple (yesterday), Present Perfect (this morning), Present Simple (now).

Reported Speech Transformations

  • Stays → stayed
  • Is staying → was staying
  • Stayed → had stayed
  • Was staying → had been staying
  • Has stayed → had stayed
  • Has been staying → had been staying
  • Had stayed → had stayed
  • Will stay → would stay
  • Can → could
  • May → might
  • Must / Have to → had to
  • Will → would

Time and Place Changes

  • Now → then
  • Today → that day
  • Yesterday → the day before
  • Tomorrow → the day after
  • Here → there
  • This → that
  • These → those

Questions, Orders, and Suggestions

Questions: Use normal sentence order. Orders: Use to (without a subject). Let's: Use -ing (without is).

Passive Voice Construction

Formula:

... Continue reading "Mastering English Grammar and Essential Vocabulary" »

The Constant Gardener: Unmasking Pharmaceutical Corruption in Kenya

Classified in Medicine & Health

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The Murder of Tessa Quayle

In a remote area of Northern Kenya, activist Tessa Quayle is found brutally murdered. Tessa's companion, a doctor, appears to have fled the scene, and the initial evidence points to a crime of passion. Members of the British High Commission in Nairobi assume that Tessa's widower, their mild-mannered and unambitious colleague, Justin Quayle, will leave the matter to them. They could not be more wrong.

Haunted by remorse and jarred by rumors of his late wife's infidelities, Quayle surprises everyone by embarking on a personal odyssey that will take him across three continents. Using his privileged access to diplomatic secrets, he risks his own life, stopping at nothing to uncover and expose the truth—a conspiracy far... Continue reading "The Constant Gardener: Unmasking Pharmaceutical Corruption in Kenya" »

Common English Idioms and Phrasal Verbs

Classified in Medicine & Health

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Common English Idioms

  • Like talking to the wall
  • Speak their mind
  • Straight from the horse's mouth
  • Don't break a word
  • Get a word in edgeways
  • I'm all ears
  • Beat about the bush
  • Break the ice
  • Break a promise
  • Break a record
  • Break someone's heart
  • Break a/the law
  • Break a/the habit
  • Break the news

Common English Phrasal Verbs

Run

  • Run an errand
  • Runs in the family
  • Run wild
  • Running a risk
  • Run short
  • Running a temperature

Stand

  • Stand by
  • Stand up to - to please
  • Stand up
  • Stand for - to mean
  • Stand out - to be different
  • Stand in for

Come

  • Come round - to visit
  • Come through - to survive
  • Come apart - to break
  • Come down on - to criticize
  • Come up with - to think of
  • Come across - to discover

Go

  • Go too far
  • Cope with
  • Turn into tears - to cry
  • As long as
  • Change for the better
  • Boarding school

Regulations and Requirements for Therapeutic Products in Singapore

Classified in Medicine & Health

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Therapeutic productsCometic products(2type)ivd+generalMedical devicesoral dental gumsChinese proprietary medicinetraditional MedicineQuasimedicinal productsmedicated oil and balms
ExamplesParacetemol,antibiotics,bloodpressure medicationmakeup,thoothpaste,cleanser,
bodysoap(+medicatedsoap) ,shampoo(+antidandruff),anti-achne prep
generalmedicaldevice(thermometer/Bpmeter/contactlens/condoms)
IVD(Bloodglucosemeter.Pregnancykit).Massagers,bodytoning.Magnet.
accessoriesnotmedicaldeviceastheyarenotforpreventingdiagnosingcuringoralleviatingdiseaseorhaveanymedicalpurpose
Xylitol/orbit.Dentalgumslingzhitablets.Ginseng+pochaipill/
DoesnotincludeCPMininjectionform.CPMclassifiedasTP
ginseng(original).Traditionaljavamedicinejamu. Nonchingherbalmeds.medicatedplaster/
... Continue reading "Regulations and Requirements for Therapeutic Products in Singapore" »

Cancer Burden, Prevention, Treatment and Social Impact

Classified in Medicine & Health

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Social and Medical Problems of Malignant Tumors

14. Social and medical problems of malignant tumors. The potential of prevention

Background

Incidence – 500/100,000

Increases > 70 years

  • Mortality – 260/100,000
  • 216 thousand hospitalizations
  • Very serious and generally one of the most feared diseases

Most Frequent Tumours

  • Men: Bronchi/Lung - Colorectal - Prostate - Kidney - Stomach
  • Women: Breast - Cervical/Uterine - Colorectal - Bronchi/Lung - Kidney
  • Multiple Primary Tumors – occurrence of more than one primary tumor at different sites in the body

(1/10 malignant tumors)

Mortality Rates: see table

Treatment

  • Oncology departments
  • New therapeutic methods
  • Irradiation
  • Chemotherapy
  • Biological treatments
  • Note:

The most frequent treatment: chemotherapy (41.4%) and

... Continue reading "Cancer Burden, Prevention, Treatment and Social Impact" »