Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for History

Sandhurst Manifesto: Classification and Authorship

Document Classification

The Sandhurst Manifesto is a historical text and a direct primary source of political and informational content.

Authorship and Audience

The author is Antonio Cánovas del Castillo. Although written for the future King, Alfonso XII, the manifesto was primarily addressed to the Spanish public.

Development and Historical Context

Circumstances of Creation

Cánovas del Castillo had spent six years building a political movement centered around the figure of Prince Alfonso. Following the collapse of the First Spanish Republic (marked by the pronouncement of General Pavía), Cánovas designed a new political system aimed at restoring the Bourbon dynasty.

The statement was completed... Continue reading "The Sandhurst Manifesto and the Foundations of the Bourbon Restoration" »

31 nervos pares
3º mes de vida= curvatura secundaria  cervical
6º mes de vida= curvatura secundaria lombar
2 curvaturas primarias: toracica e sacral.
2 cuvaturas secundarias: cervical e lombar.
4 curvaturas
Curvaturas da coluna vertebral:
Curvaturas primarias: mantem o sentido da curvatura da coluna fetal: toracica e sacral
Curvaturas secundarias: Cervical (surge em torno do 3º mes de vida, quando a criança ja sustenta o peso da cabeça.
Lombar: surge em torno do 6º mes de vida, quando a criança ja sustenta o corpo em posição ortostatica)
CURVATURAS NOMAIS:
Cifose: acentuação das curvaturas primarias= toracica e sacral
Lordose: acentuação das curvaturas secundarias= cervical e lombar
Quando a lordose é muito acentuada, denomina-se hiperlordose
Escoliose:... Continue reading "Notebook" »

Submetida a um tratamento médico, uma pessoa ingeriu um comprimido contendo 45 mg de ácido acetilsalicílico (C9H8O4). Considerando a massa molar do C9H8O4 180g/mol e o número de Avogadro 6.10²³, o número de moléculas da substancia ingerida é?
Primeiro transformando mg para g

1g..................1000mg
x....................45mg

x = 0,045g

1 mol.........................180g

x................................0,045

x = 0,00025mol

1 mol...............6,0 . 10²³

0,00025............x

x = 1,50 . 10^20

A balança mais precisa pode detectar uma variação de aproximadamente 10( elevado -8g). Quantos átomos de ouro existiriam em uma amostra desse peso?
Primeiramente consulte uma tabela periódica para obter a massa atômica do ouro( ma = 197u)
assim, a

The Democratic Administration (1868-1874)

The Revolution of September

In September 1868, Queen Isabella II left the throne because of the outbreak of the September Revolution, known as "The Glorious".

Formation of a Provisional Government

Chaired by General Serrano, but with General Prim as the strongman, a provisional government was formed. Constituent elections were called and won by monarchists. To win, the monarchists promoted the creation of a constitution that recognized the right of *illegal legislables* (rights that the legislature understood that they could not legislate because it had the right man for the very fact of human nature) and three reprimands the division of powers, but the monarchy retained executive power. The government... Continue reading "Spain's Political Turmoil: 1868-1878" »

European Liberal Revolutions: 1820-1848

The Revolutions of 1820 and 1830

During the Restoration period, Liberals often operated in secret societies, with the Masons being the largest and most influential group. These societies saw themselves as heirs to the ideals of the Enlightenment and the French Revolution, advocating for insurrection against absolutism.

The revolutionary wave between 1820 and 1824 saw initial victories in Spain, Portugal, Naples, and Piedmont, ushering in a brief liberal period. However, these movements were ultimately suffocated by absolutist forces. In Spain and the Italian states, this suppression involved the direct intervention of the Holy Alliance in 1823. Many Liberals were executed, while others were forced into exile.... Continue reading "Europe's Age of Upheaval: Liberalism and Democracy, 1820-1848" »

Background

The Franco regime emerged from the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) and shared similarities with other totalitarian regimes of the era, such as those led by Mussolini and Hitler.

Despite the fall of fascism and Nazism after World War II, Franco's regime persisted until 1975.

Ideological Foundation

• Fascist Representation: The Falange party represented fascist ideals, with all power concentrated in Franco's hands.
• National Catholicism: Catholicism was the official religion, closely intertwined with the state.
• Traditionalism: Inspired by the traditional monarchy of Habsburg Spain, rejecting Enlightenment ideas as the cause of Spanish decline.
• National Unity: Autonomy statutes were abolished, and the state was centralized.

Internal Support

Political

Industrial Revolution:

Key Figures

Andrew Carnegie:

• U.S. Steel
• Pennsylvania
• Sold company
• Gave 80% of fortune to educational, cultural, and scientific foundations
• Donated $350M to 2,500 public libraries, universities, and other foundations
• Improved workers' conditions
• Workers were previously treated poorly with low wages, paid for output, not hours
• Carnegie's Gospel of Wealth: Help those who will help themselves

John D. Rockefeller:

• Oil business
• Ohio
• Acquired competitors
• Christian family: Taught to give to charity
• Half of wealth used for public education through philanthropic efforts: building universities (University of Chicago), libraries, and art education
• Workers treated fairly, fostering a sense of belonging in the “Standard Oil Factory”

J.P. Morgan:

The Napoleonic Era

Napoleon Bonaparte had a military education. He drove British forces from the port of Toulon, captured northern Italy, and forced Austrian Hapsburgs to make peace. He also led an Egyptian expedition in 1798.

Napoleon's Rise to Power in 1799

He took control of the Directory by coup d'état and established a three-man Consulate with himself as First Consul. Later, he crowned himself Emperor.

Napoleon's Reforms

• Class System:
  • Nobles who fled France could return if they swore loyalty to the new French government.
  • Peasants kept lands they had bought.
  • A new nobility was established through a meritocracy.
• Economy:
  • Controlled prices.
  • Promoted industrial growth.
• Government:
  • Strengthened the national government.
  • An efficient bureaucracy governed

American Revolutionary War

American Revolutionary War; War between Great Britain and its Thirteen Colonies which declared independence as the United States of America.

French and Indian War (Seven Years' War)

French & Indian War (Seven Years' War): French and Native Americans vs. British and the 13 colonies. The war involved guerrilla warfare, which included hit-and-run attacks, ambushes, and concealment (hiding). The turning point of the Seven Years' War was the Battle of Quebec. Why was the Battle of Quebec so important in the Seven Years' War? The British attacked the strongest French fort in Quebec and won the battle. Who won the Seven Years' War?

Questions and Answers

• A: The British and colonists
• Q: What treaty ended the Seven Years' War?