English Literature: Revolution, Commonwealth & Restoration (1640-1688)

MA 4: Key Periods and Concepts

Revolution (1640-1653)

Beginning with the Long Parliament, this era saw the beheading of King Charles I. Religious problems became politically charged, leading to a separation and confrontation between Royalists and Republicans. Theaters closed as a form of repression, and poetics shifted towards a Plainstyle.

The Commonwealth (1649-1659)

This republic, also known as the Protectorate, ruled England, Ireland, and Scotland. Diverse political and religious groups, characterized by radicalism, emerged. Literature grappled with the question of social order. The Protestant idea of 'inner light' as God's grace became politically significant.

The Restoration (1660-1688)

The Stuart monarchy returned with Charles II and later James II. Political and religious conflicts persisted, ultimately leading to the end of the Stuart dynasty. Tension grew between the monarch and the head of the Anglican Church.

Poetics

This period saw a reaction against the Elizabethan style, favoring a plainer style and more colloquial language. Influenced by Plutarch, the focus shifted from seeking analogies based on traditional cosmology to a more nuanced understanding of similarities and differences.

• Spencer: Connected the eyes and stars as sources of light, illuminated by God.
• Wyatt: Saw the lady's eyes as the sole source of light, connecting the microcosm to divine power.

Literary Genres

1. Satire: Primarily political and often anonymous.
2. Epic Poem: Explored the need for guidance in times of change.
3. Memoirs: Offered a re-evaluation of the period.
4. Allegorical Narrative
5. Restoration Theatre
6. Novel