Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for History

The Bharatiya Janata Party: India's Political Powerhouse

The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) is one of the two major parties in the Indian political system, the other being the Indian National Congress. Established in 1980, it stands as India's second-largest political party in terms of representation in both the Parliament and various state assemblies.

Core Ideology and Principles

The BJP designates its official ideology and central philosophy as "Integral Humanism," based upon a 1965 book by Deendayal Upadhyaya. The party advocates for:

• Hindu nationalism
• Social conservatism
• Self-reliance, as outlined by the Swadeshi movement
• A foreign policy centered around key nationalist principles.

The party's platform is generally considered to be on the right-wing... Continue reading "Bharatiya Janata Party: India's Political Powerhouse" »

The Emergence of Archaic Greece

In the 8th century BC, Greece began to emerge from the Dark Ages that followed the fall of the Mycenaean civilization. Literacy had been lost and the Mycenaean script forgotten, but the Greeks adopted the Phoenician alphabet, modifying it to create the Greek alphabet. From about the 9th century BC, written records began to appear. Greece was divided into many small, self-governing communities, a pattern largely dictated by Greek geography: every island, valley, and plain is cut off from its neighbors by the sea or mountain ranges.

The Lelantine War

The Lelantine War (c. 710–c. 650 BC) is the earliest documented war of the ancient Greek period. It was fought between the important poleis (city-states) of Chalcis... Continue reading "Ancient Greece: The Rise of City-States and Social Change" »

Australian and New Zealand English

Australian English

• Pronunciation:
  • Non-rhotic, similar to Southeast of England.
  • Long vowel /aː/ in half, as in Received Pronunciation (RP).
  • Intervocalic /t/ as a flap /d/ in city, as in US English.
  • Speech rhythms are slow.
  • Use of schwa rather than short /ɪ/ in naked, acid, etc.
  • No significant regional differences.
• Vocabulary:
  • Aussie: Australian slang.
  • Larrikin: Hooligan.
  • Sheila: Girl.
  • Aboriginal words: boomerang, corroboree (dance).

New Zealand English

• Pronunciation:
  • Non-rhotic, similar to RP (in the South Island, some rhotic speakers of Scottish origin exist).
  • Vowels in ham and pen perceived like 'hem', 'pin'.
  • Centralization of short /ɪ/ to schwa.
  • Schwa preferred in unstressed syllables.
  • Use of /iː/ in very, many, etc.
• Vocabulary:

The Reign of Charles IV (1788–1808)

• Charles III died, and Charles IV inherited the throne, marking the beginning of a period influenced by the French Revolution.
• Frontiers were blocked, and Enlightenment reforms ended due to fear of the revolutionary wave spreading from France.
• Following the execution of Louis XVI, Spain and France started a war, which ended with the Treaty of Basel (1795). Spain ceded its part of Hispaniola to France, while Gipuzkoa was returned to Spain.
• Manuel Godoy and Napoleon signed the Treaty of Fontainebleau (1807): an alliance to invade Portugal. However, invading Spain was also part of the French plans.
• The Aranjuez Mutiny (1808): A popular uprising against Godoy, supported by Ferdinand, the heir to the throne. This

Simón Bolívar had assumed command of the Puerto Cabello Square on May 4, 1812. A month later, on 6 June, it fell to the royalists. Faced with this loss and after signing the capitulation, Bolivar got through to Curacao and then to New Granada. There, the government recognized the rank of colonel and allowed their participation in the Campaign of Magdalena. On December 15, 1812 wrote his first document sets out the causes which led to the loss of the First Republic and warns neogranadinos on the need to unite to defeat the enemy. These causes by Bolivar were:
1. The tolerance scheme followed by the Republican authorities to consider how weak and ineffectual. He criticized the attitude of the government of Venezuela against Coro, claiming

Boxer Rebellion

The Boxer Rebellion was a violent anti-foreign and anti-Christian uprising led by Chinese nationalists. It was quickly crushed, humiliating China. This was one of the first major anti-foreign rebellions.

Bolshevik Revolution

The Bolshevik Revolution in Russia was led by Vladimir Lenin. It established a communist government in the nation and led to the eventual removal of Russia from World War I.

Bentley and Child Labor

A worker in Britain, Bentley testified before a parliamentary committee investigating conditions among child laborers in the British textile industry. He described the poor conditions and low pay. This led to the formation of unions.

The Birth of a Nation

The Birth of a Nation was a silent film released in 1915. It depicted... Continue reading "Key Historical Events and Figures: 19th and 20th Centuries" »

The Cold War: USA vs. USSR

The Cold War was defined by political tension and rivalry between the USA and the USSR. While there was no direct war, the constant fear of nuclear conflict shaped global policy.

Formation of Blocs

In 1947, the Truman Doctrine aimed to stop communism, while the Marshall Plan provided economic aid to Europe. By 1949, NATO was established as a Western military alliance.

USSR Response:

• 1949: COMECON provided economic aid to the East.
• 1955: The Warsaw Pact was formed as a communist military alliance.

The world was divided into two blocs: the Western capitalist nations and the Eastern communist nations.

Initial Phase (1947–)

The Greek Civil War saw the USSR and USA supporting opposing sides. In Germany, Western zones united,... Continue reading "Cold War History and the Franco Dictatorship" »

Founding of the RSS

The Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) was founded in 1925 by Dr. Keshav Baliram Hedgewar, a physician based in the central Indian city of Nagpur.^[16] As a medical student in Kolkata, Hedgewar participated in the revolutionary activities of the Anushilan Samiti and Jugantar, both striving to liberate India from British rule. In 1921, he was charged with sedition by the British administration and served a one-year prison sentence.

Early Life and Revolutionary Influences

Educated by his elder brother, Hedgewar moved to Calcutta, West Bengal, in 1910 to pursue medical studies at the behest of Dr. B. S. Moonje. During his time there, he lived with Shyam Sundar Chakravarthy^[19] and mastered combat techniques from secret revolutionary... Continue reading "Origins and History of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh" »

1. Ariketa

1.1. Dendak Irekitzea

18:26an ireki dituzte hainbat denda.

18:26an - hainbat denda

1.2. Anai-Arreben Jaiotza

1991ko maiatzaren 26an jaio ziren zure anai-arrebak.

Maiatzaren 26an - anai-arreba

1.3. Hizkuntza Eskola

Datorren ikasturtean hizkuntza-eskolan emango dute izena hainbat neskek.

Hizkuntza-eskolan - dute - hainbat neskak

1.4. Goizeko Irteera

Urtarriletik maiatzera, ostegunetan, goizeko 07:30etan aterako gara etxetik.

Urtarriletik maiatzera - 07:30ean

1.5. Ekonomi Bileraren Amaiera

Ekonomi-arloko bilera gaueko zortzi eta erdietan amaitu zen; proposamenaren inguruko bozketan, sei eta lau egin zuten.

Ekonomia-arloko - zortzi eta erdietan - sei eta lau egin zuten

1.6. Hezkuntza Proiektua

Ez zaitu inork ere ezagutu, hezkuntza proiektuan aritu ginenetik... Continue reading "Spanish Civil War: Causes, Consequences & Basque Impact" »