Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for History

Philip II's Conflicts

After France was defeated in the Battle of Saint-Quentin, Henry II signed the Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis in 1559. Then, a civil war broke out in France between the Catholics and Protestants.

Conflicts

Against the Protestants in the Low Countries

In 1568, in the northern countries where Calvinism had spread, the population rose up against the king. Philip II sent the Duke of Alba, who carried out a harsh military campaign. He was replaced by Alexander, who maintained control in Flanders, although the northern territories proclaimed their independence from the Spanish crown in 1581. The war lasted until 1648.

Against the Ottoman Empire

Philip II organized the Holy League in order to end Ottoman control over the Mediterranean Sea.... Continue reading "Philip II's Conflicts: France, Netherlands, Ottomans, and England" »

1 - War and Revolution (1914-23)

1870-1914 Period of uneasy peace in Europe. Rivalries continued between countries, resulting in two main alliances.

In July 1914, World War I began, with the two alliances fighting against each other.

Industry reconverted to manufacture weapons and military equipment.

Society also changed due to the war. Women began to work in factories while men fought in the war.

2.1. The Causes of the War

• Tension during the uneasy peace.
• Rivalries to recover territories, for example, France over Alsace-Lorraine against Germany, or the Balkan crisis between Russia and the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
• Economic rivalries, above all between Great Britain (former industrial power) and Germany (current), which led to a hard fight to control

... Continue reading "World War I: Causes, Phases, and Spain's Neutrality" »

Analysis of the Manifesto of the Persians

The Manifesto of the Persians is a socio-political document addressed to King Ferdinand VII, signed in Madrid in 1814. This document expresses the desires of the old nobility and clergy, demanding the restoration of the old regime and the abolition of the Constitution of 1812.

This collection of items highlights the fundamental principles that sought to defend the need for a return to absolute monarchy as a means of guaranteeing order and the proper functioning of the nation.

Context and Significance

The document refers to the anarchic situation that Spain had allegedly experienced during the previous six years. Article 134 presents absolute monarchy as the only way to ensure the correct use of "reason... Continue reading "Analysis of the Manifesto of the Persians: Context and Impact" »

Babydoll's Fight for Freedom

In an action fantasy set within the vivid imagination of a young girl, her dream world offers the ultimate escape from a dark reality. Unrestrained by time and place, she's free to explore wherever her mind takes her, blurring the lines between reality and imagination. Locked away against her will, Babydoll (Emily Browning) remains determined to survive.

Driven to fight for her freedom, she rallies four other young women: the outspoken Rocket (Jena Malone), the street-smart Blondie (Vanessa Hudgens), the fiercely loyal Amber (Jamie Chung), and the reluctant Sweet Pea (Abbie Cornish). Together, they band together to escape their terrible fate at the hands of their captors: Blue (Oscar Isaac), Madam Gorski (Carla Gugino)... Continue reading "Babydoll and The Bride: Action Fantasy & Revenge Thriller" »

Membership of the League of Nations

Key members included:

• France (1919-1945)
• Britain (1919-1945)
• Italy (1919-1937)
• Japan (1919-1933)
• Germany (1926-1933)
• USSR (1934-1939)

The USA never joined. The League had 42 members when it was first established. Key countries were not members (Germany and Austria, which were not initially invited to join), and the USSR was viewed with suspicion due to communism. In the USA, while President Woodrow Wilson wanted to join the League of Nations, many Americans opposed the idea.

The main members were France and Britain. Both countries were determined to avoid war, almost at any cost. Britain saw the League as a talking shop (where discussion dominated, but action was lacking). France wanted the League to enforce the terms... Continue reading "League of Nations: Members, Agencies, Crises, and Outcomes" »

Business Vocabulary and Phrases

Tema 9

a) Opportunities: increase competition, create unemployment, reduce poverty, exploit workers, widen the gap, mean lower prices, give large companies advantages, lead to environmental damage, promote higher standards.

b) Vocabulary:

• Free trade: the computer industry...
• Laissez-faire, transport companies... regulation
• France sees banking as a strategic industry
• In an open market... restrictions
• Since deregulation, prior to 2007... free port
• China’s... dumping
• The president... liberalise
• In the EU... barriers
• Some companies... subsidise

c) We are glad... order, without... protected, they have quoted, it is essential to have regulations, our usual meet, Kentroil market, it is useful to carry out.

Tema 10

a) She doesn’t.... Continue reading "Business Vocabulary and Phrases: Mastering Key Concepts" »

Annual disaster and its consequences This situation is aggravated by the military disaster of Annual (July 1921) in the Rif: 12,000 Spanish soldiers died. The leftist opposition demanded an investigation (file Picasso). Responsibilities involving political, military and the king himself. Given this critical situation, some guiding the army decided to intervene and take control of power. The master head genral of Catalonia in the coup that would end 47 years of operation of the Constitution of 1876.

Canalejas Liberal Party conducted a far-reaching political regeneration between 1910-1912, new labor laws, elimination of consumption tax, the Padlock Act (which limited the creation of new convents and religious institutions) and especially Recruitment... Continue reading "Disaster" »

Classification of Prayers

Main

Those propositions which are not introduced by a conjunction or link and have the verb in the indicative.

Juxtaposed

They are made by a comma (,) or semicolon (;) and have no conjunction, and the main clause has already been stated.

Coordinates

They can be:

• Copulative: Links: y, e, or que.
• Dilemma: Nexus: o, u, and, well, that is, pray.
• Adversative: Links: but, but, however, but, however, but nevertheless, but ... that, but.
• Distributive: Links: o. .. . O, u. .. u, and ... and, well .. well, whatever ... . That is, now .... now, - (These are repeats of the disjunctive).
• Explanatory: Nexus: that is, that is, that is.

Subordinated

Can be:

Adverbial Subordinate

• Temporary: Nexus: when, before, after, while, provided that, as soon

... Continue reading "Classification of Prayers and Their Functions" »

Mikhail Gorbachev

Joined the CPSU in 1952 and, after a relatively rapid career in the bureaucracy, was appointed Communist Party Secretary General on March 11, 1985, following the death of his predecessor, Chernenko. He immediately launched his proposal to restructure and modernize the economy and Soviet society, known as perestroika. This reform process had an immediate consequence: the USSR was to limit its international commitments and increasing military spending, especially high since the Red Army was jammed into the war in Afghanistan. To that end, Gorbachev's doctrine of novomyshlenie or "new thinking" meant ending the long conflict between East and West and pursuing standardization. During a time when international relations were marked... Continue reading "Mikhail Gorbachev's Impact on Cold War and Soviet Dissolution" »

Topic: ANALYSIS AND VALUATION OF disentailed
Secularization is a legal change of the property related depreciation and circulating free passes.
The sale was upheld by the learned to remove the related assets or property held in dead "and revive the economy. The main confiscations were developed by the progressive liberals.
The sale is made in two phases:
1) by the state seizure of assets from "dead hand" that become national assets.
2) auction.

Background
The first agricultural measures are initiated in the reign of Charles III and continue to Godoy in the reign of Charles IV. Faced with the approach of the enlightened (disentail to reform, although slightly agricultural economics), arises from Godoy disentail to improve public finances.... Continue reading "Disentailments" »