Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for History

1. 1st Continental Congress- All colonies except Georgia went to this congress in Philadelphia in 1774 to respond to the Intolerable Acts

2. Articles of Confederation- 1st Constitution had no executive, no judicial, no power to tax, no power to regulate trade

3. The Aztec- Nomadic tribe of hunter-gathers, capital city Tenochtitlan, bloodthirsty ruler, made many sacrifices.

4. BTP- Citizens disguised as Indians, dumped tea into the harbor in 1773.

5. Braddock- British commander during the F&I war. Attempted to capture Fort Duquesne in 1755. Defeated by the F&I Braddock was mortally wounded.

6. Bunker Hill- The British took over a hill in Boston

7. Cabral- Claimed Brazil for Portugal

8. Cahokia- Mound-builder settlement, located near today's East St. Louis, Illinois;

General Porfirio Diaz seized power in 1876. Having installed himself as president, Diaz paid his respects to the principle of no re-election by allowing a trusted crony, General Manuel Gonzalez, to succeed him in 1880. Diaz returned to the presidential palace in 1884 and continued to occupy it until his resignation and flight from Mexico in 1911. The Porfiriato was one of the longest personal dictatorships in Latin American history.

Political Control and Economic Objectives

• By 1880, Diaz had granted even more lavish subsidies for railway construction to North American companies.
• Economic development was Diaz's primary objective, key to solving his problems and the nation's.
• Diaz promoted a policy of conciliation, described by the formula pan o

The Boer republics strike gold

• After 1842, the Great Trek moved on further north-east. Eventually the trekkers established two independent republics: the Transvaal and the Orange Free State.

• After the discovery of diamond and gold deposits in 1867 and 1886, the British renewed their interest in annexing the Boer republics.

• The driving force behind this enterprise was Cecil Rhodes. 

• Rhodes arrived in Kimberley in 1871 to make a fortune in the diamond fields. He later extended his interests to the gold mines of the Transvaal.

• By the end of the decade his two companies, De Beers Consolidated Mines and Gold Fields of South Africa, dominated the South African trade.  

But Rhodes had wider imperialist ambitions: he dreamt of establishing...

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Product Description

Tipp-Ex is a liquid correction fluid with a brush applicator.

Safety Precautions

• Flammable Product: Do not bring near any flame or incandescent object.
• Keep Away from Children: Ensure the product is stored out of reach of children.
• Toxic Product: Do not ingest.
• In Case of Ingestion: Seek immediate medical attention at the nearest hospital's toxicology department.

Key Historical Periods and Economic Systems

Major Historical Eras

Prehistory

This period began with the appearance of the first human beings.

Antiquity

This period of history spans from the invention of writing in about 3300 BC to the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 AD.

The Middle Ages

This period began with the fall of the Roman Empire...

HUAC: The House Un-American Activities Committee

The House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) was formed to uncover citizens with Nazi ties within the United States. It also investigated allegations of communist activity in the US during the early years of the Cold War.

Arms Race: Military-Industrial Complex and Nuclear Power

Military-Industrial Complex: The US economy became dependent on military supplies production.

Nuclear Capabilities: Both the US and the USSR produced nuclear weapons to deter the other side from attacking. This led to the concept of MAD (Mutually Assured Destruction).

Korean War: A Nation Divided

• The US, with support from the UN, helped the capitalist South, pushing communists back to the border with China.
• China intervened,

Industrial Revolution:

Key Figures

Andrew Carnegie:

• U.S. Steel
• Pennsylvania
• Sold company
• Gave 80% of fortune to educational, cultural, and scientific foundations
• Donated $350M to 2,500 public libraries, universities, and other foundations
• Improved workers' conditions
• Workers were previously treated poorly with low wages, paid for output, not hours
• Carnegie's Gospel of Wealth: Help those who will help themselves

John D. Rockefeller:

• Oil business
• Ohio
• Acquired competitors
• Christian family: Taught to give to charity
• Half of wealth used for public education through philanthropic efforts: building universities (University of Chicago), libraries, and art education
• Workers treated fairly, fostering a sense of belonging in the “Standard Oil Factory”

J.P. Morgan:

Spanish American Independence Movements

Stages of Independence

• First Stage: Juntas were established in America, fostering a desire for independence.
• Second Stage: Ferdinand VII refused to grant autonomy to the colonies. Figures like Simón Bolívar, Antonio José de Sucre, and José de San Martín, with support from the USA and UK, led military victories against Spain.
• By 1815, Spain had lost nearly all its American territories.

The Isabeline Period in Spain

Regency Period: Ferdinand VII's Aftermath

• Government was exercised by a regent after the death of her father, Ferdinand VII.

• The First Carlist War

  • The First Carlist War erupted due to disputes over the succession to the throne.
  • Supporters of Don Carlos, primarily absolutists, fought against Isabel'

John Maynard Keynes

British economist. Solution to economic depression, government spending to raise the economy. His ideas have profoundly affected the theory of modern macroeconomics policies.

Adolf Hitler

Leader of Germany in WWII. "Mein Kampf" argues that Germans deserve living space. Advocated for the elimination of Jewish people.

Erich Maria Remarque

German author who wrote "All Quiet on the Western Front."

Sigmund Freud

Austrian neurologist who founded the discipline of psychoanalysis. Focused on motivation and the subconscious.

Benito Mussolini

Leader of Italy. Founder of Italian Fascism. Military dictator who sought to create an empire like Rome. Close to the Nazi regime in Germany.

John Steinbeck

American author. Wrote about the suffering of

Medieval Christianity: Faith and Society

During the Middle Ages, Christianity was the main religion in Europe. The Christian territories became known as Christendom. The Church affected all aspects of life.

Daily Life and Religious Practices

The rites of baptism, marriage, and death were carried out by the clergy. Christians had to go to church and pray every day. They also had to:

• Fast during Lent
• Attend confession
• Receive communion
• If possible, make a pilgrimage to a holy place to obtain eternal life.

Church bells regulated the peasants' working hours, and the calendar followed religious holidays. Years were counted from the time of Christ's birth.

The Church's Extensive Power

The Church held great social, political, and economic power. A significant...