Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for History

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Understanding Cubism and Dadaism in Art History

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Cubism

Cubism was an artistic style that developed in France in the early 20th century. It is characterized by the simplified representation of figures through the use of geometric shapes, such as cubes, cylinders, or spheres, without reflecting depth. The figures are created with defined areas of color called facets. Collage was used, which consisted of sticking different materials, such as newspaper and cloth, onto the canvas to form images. Open sculpture was used for the first time, in which spaces and holes had artistic value.

Dadaism

Dadaism was an avant-garde movement in painting and photography that began in Germany in 1916. This style originated from the disillusionment felt by artists when contemplating the tragic consequences of the
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FAmily matters

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The short story “The Force of Circumstances” symbolizes the British imperialism.

With the figure of Guy, the protagonist of the story, the author wants to personificate the British colonization in Malaysia. The fact that Guy uses the love the Malay woman has for him to stop himself of feeling lonely and then leaving her alone with kids, shows the egoism of many British people living in Malaysia while M. Was a British colony and the trouble and conflicts they caused in the country. With this story the author also wants to point out the difference between both cultures and with the example of Doris, how the whites wanted to impregnate their own culture without caring and respecting the culture of local people.

The short story “An Outpost

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The Age of Reason: Enlightenment and Its Impact on Europe and the American Colonies

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Term to describe the trends in thought and letters in Europe and the American colonies during the 18th century before the French Revolution. The phrase was employed by writers of the period, and convinced they were emerging from centuries of darkness and ignorance into an age enlightened by reason, etc.

During Enlightenment

  • People know that through reason and progress, it will be possible to progress in knowledge, in technical achievements, and moral values.

Attempt to Supplant Aristocracy and Established Churches

  • Enlightenment thinkers aimed to supplant aristocracy and established churches in social and political life, which they viewed as reactionary, oppressive, and superstitious.

Most Enlightenment Thinkers

  • Most Enlightenment thinkers didn't
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A History of Architecture: From Neoclassicism to Modernism

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1. The Rise of Neoclassicism

After the French Revolution in 1789, Europe was overtaken by liberal and national movements. What architectural movement was in style at that time that highlighted the use of Greek and Roman forms without overt ornamentation?

c. Neo-Classical

2. Innovations in Reinforced Concrete

In Europe, there were great technical developments in reinforced concrete construction as advanced by Joseph Monier in 1877. Who was the man that substituted steel for iron in reinforced concrete construction and developed the hooked connections for reinforcing bars?

c. Francois Hennebique

3. Principles of Traditional Town Design

Which of the following statements is true about traditional town design?

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Aircraft systems

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LONG TERM CAUSES:

1919 The Treaty of Versailles signed


1924 Hitler writes “Mein Kampf”  


Oct 1929 The global depression begins


Jan 1933 Hitler becomes chancellor of germany


Sept 1939 Invasion of Poland


SHORT TERM CAUSES:


1933 Hitler begins to rebuild his army in secret


Oct 1935  Abyssinia Invasions: The League of Nations is dead


Mar 1936  Rhineland reoccupied


July 1936 The Spanish Civil War (Germany rehearses arms and aircraft)


Novem 1936 Rome-Berlin Axis: Hitler-Mussolini Alliance


Mar 1938 Anschluss with Austria: annexation of Austria into Germany


Sep 1938 The Munich agreement: Sudetenland (region of czechoslovakia) was given to Hitler


March 1939 Nazis invade Czechoslovakia


Aug 1939 The Nazi-Soviet  Non-Aggression pact


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Spanish Civil War: Conservative & Popular Front (1933-1936)

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The Conservative Period (1933-1936)

The Confederación Española de Derechas Autónomas (CEDA) won the elections and formed a government in coalition with Lerroux and his party, Partido Radical de Centro.

In 1934, members of the CEDA entered the government, and protests escalated into the October Revolution of 1934.

In Asturias, miners initiated a rebellion. The revolt was suppressed by the army, which deployed Moroccan troops led by Franco to control the situation.

In Barcelona, the autonomous government proclaimed a Catalan Republic separate from the Spanish Republic. The Statute of Autonomy was abolished, and the Generalitat was dissolved.

New elections were held in 1936. The Frente Popular (left-wing parties) won.

The Popular Front (February-

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Spartan Society: Military Discipline, Education, and Roles

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A Disciplined Society

Spartans valued military discipline. Even today, the word Spartan means highly disciplined or lacking comfort. Unlike Athenians, Spartans did not value luxury goods or beautiful buildings.

Education in Sparta

With Helots working the fields, Spartan males had plenty of time to train for military service. At seven, they were taken away from their homes for schooling at state expense. They lived together in BARRACKS: military houses. Spartan boys did not receive a well-rounded education. They spent most of their time exercising, hunting, and training with weapons. They were taught to obey orders automatically rather than to think for themselves. At the age of 18, young men began a 2-year program of military training to become... Continue reading "Spartan Society: Military Discipline, Education, and Roles" »

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19th Century Spain and Europe: Art, Politics, and Independence

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Supreme Central Junta

This political association of patriots led the war effort and governed Spain during the monarchy's instability.

Constitution of 1812

Drafted by the Courts of Cádiz, this document recognized equality under the law, established national sovereignty, and the separation of powers. Absolutism was replaced by a liberal political system, although the monarchy remained. Universal male suffrage was also accepted.

European Alliances

Two main alliance systems existed. The first, the Bismarckian system, was based on secret diplomacy promoted by Chancellor Otto von Bismarck to isolate France and prevent its alliance with Russia against Germany. This system lasted for 20 years. The second, "Peace through Strength" (1891-1914), saw the

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The Heirs of Rome: Islam, Byzantium, and Europe

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The Caliphs, Muhammad's Successors, 632-750

In the new political community he founded in Arabia, Muhammad reorganized traditional Arab society by cutting across clan allegiances and welcoming converts from every tribe. He forged the Muslims into a formidable military force, and his successors, the caliphs, used this force to take the Byzantine and Persian worlds by storm.

After Muhammad's death, the Muslims moved to the north and west quickly taking Byzantine territory in Syria and Egypt. They invaded the Sasanid empire, conquering the whole of Persia by 651.

During the last half of the seventh century and the beginning of the eighth, Islamic warriors extended their sway westward to Spain and eastward to India.

There were also internal reasons

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19th Century European Unification and Political Shifts

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GERMAN UNIFICATION

Factors Leading to Unification:

  • Following the Congress of Vienna, the German Confederation was fragmented into 39 states.
  • The rise of liberal and nationalist ideologies.
  • The Frankfurt Parliament's attempt to establish a unified state with universal male suffrage during the Revolution of 1848.
  • The establishment of the Zollverein, a customs union, in 1834.

Otto von Bismarck's Role:

Otto von Bismarck, appointed Chancellor of Prussia in 1862, spearheaded the unification process. Prussia, with its strong nationalism, formidable army, and developed economy, played a pivotal role. Bismarck expelled Austria from the German Confederation and unified the northern states.

Second Phase and Formation of the German Empire:

In the second phase,

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