Notes, abstracts, papers, exams and problems of History

Ancien Régime and the Transition to Parliamentary Monarchy

Understanding the Ancien Régime

The Ancien Régime was a system characterized by:

• Political Absolutism: Kings and queens held absolute power.
• Social Hierarchy: Society was divided into estates with unequal privileges.
• Subsistence Economy: The economy focused on meeting basic needs.
• Cultural and Religious Influence: Culture and religion served the ruling class.

Factors Leading to Change

Several factors contributed to the decline of Absolutism and the rise of Parliamentary Monarchy:

• Bourgeoisie and Peasants: The bourgeoisie criticized the privileges of nobles and clergy, advocating for social recognition based on merit. Peasants opposed the manorial system and excessive taxes.
• Economic Challenges:

The American Revolution (1775-1783)

Causes of the War (Caused by a Combination of Factors)

Chapter 16

1. Lincoln's Reconstruction Plan

2. Wade-Davis Manifesto

3. Freedmen's Bureau

4. John Wilkes Booth

5. Proclamation of Amnesty

6. Radical Republicans

7. Military Reconstruction Act

8. Tenure of Office Act

9. Union League

10. Baptist

11. African Americans

12. Carpetbaggers

13. Scalawags

14. Ku Klux Klan

15. Liberal Republicans

16. Republicans

17. Samuel Tilden

18. Grant

19. 1876 Presidential Election

20. Compromise of 1877

21. Reconstruction

22. Andrew Johnson

23. Fifteenth Amendment

24. Susan B. Anthony

25. Horace Greeley

26. Pinckney Pinchback

27. Hiram Revels

28. Edwin M. Stanton

29. Charles Sumner

A. Most Popular Religious Denomination Among Blacks

This was the most popular religious denomination among blacks in the postwar South

B. Group Opposed Grant

This group... Continue reading "Reconstruction Era: Key Figures and Events" »

Key Events of WW2

1939 September → Invasion of Poland (Trigger event)

1940 June → Germany invades France and defeats her in six weeks

1941 June - December → OPERATION BARBAROSSA

- Germany invades Russia. It is the largest military operation in history

1941 December → PEARL HARBOR

- Japan attacks on Pearl Harbor

1942 June → Battle of Midway

- The US Navy defeats the Japanese Navy.

1943 February → Stalingrad

- The German army surrenders at Stalingrad. One of the bloodiest battles, Hitler suffers a major defeat.

1944 June → Operation Overlord

- The Allies launch the largest assault in history on Normandy

1945 August → Hiroshima and Nagasaki

- The USA drops atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. 200.000 killing. Japan announces its surrenders.... Continue reading "Key Events, Causes, and Consequences of World War II" »

INTRODUCTION

• The desire for self-government took the form of a statute of autonomy. The moderate sector of Basque nationalism, the “euskalerriacos” (mainly CNV) would promote a campaign in favour of autonomy in 1917.

• Spanish and international context: at the end of the 1st World War there were problems of nationalities and the proposals for peace and the rights of self-determination will be decisive.

• In this context, Eusko Ikaskuntza society emerged (1918), promoted by the 4 Diputaciones in order to promote the study of Basque subjects.  Euskaltzaindia also emerged from this society.

• PNV did not take part in the signing of the Pact of San Sebastian (1930) delaying the approval of Basque Statute.

1. II REPUBLIC IN THE BASQUE COUNTRY

1.1.Political

The American Revolution (1775-1783)

2.1. Causes of the War

• Ideological factors:
  • Colonists were influenced by Enlightenment ideas about liberty and equality.
  • These ideas became the basis for the independence movement.
• Political factors:
  • British Parliament made decisions about taxes and other issues related to the colonies.
  • Great Britain refused to allow the colonies to be represented in Parliament.
• Economic and social factors:
  • Wealthy colonial bourgeoisie wanted freedom to trade without British interference.
  • They also wanted to occupy territories to the west.
  • The high cost of the Seven Years' War (1756-1763) led to increased taxes on products like tea, sugar, and lead.
  • Colonies refused to pay these taxes, leading to protests like the Boston Tea Party.

2.

THE 1917 REVOLUTIONS

In 1917 there was a revolution which took place in two phases: the liberal-bourgeois revolution in February and the socialist-proletariat revolution in October.

The February Revolution: Provisional Government

In February 1917, there was a successful revolution of workers in Petrograd, supported by soldiers and peasants. Tsar Nicholas II was forced to abdicate. A provisional government was formed, made up of liberals and Menshevik socialists led by the socialist Alexander Kerensky. The new government proclaimed Russia a republic and began to set up a democratic regime. They legalized political parties and called elections with universal male suffrage, to establish a Constituent Assembly that would write a constitution. The... Continue reading "The 1917 Revolutions: February & October" »

IMPERIALISM: It was a political, social and military movement (19th-20th century). It was led by Europeans countries and later by Japan, USA and Russia. The main objective was to become a big empire so, each country needed to conquer some territories (in Africa, Canada, Australia and Asia) known as colonies.

CAUSES OF IMPERIALISM:Economic interests: Industrialized Europeans countries were in search of new markets (to sell their surplus products) and they also wanted to obtain more raw materials (cotton, iron coal…)  and colonial products (sugar, chocolate, tea…) and in that colonies the labor was cheaper (workforce). Population growth: The economic changes caused a huge rise in Europeans population ( less deaths and more food). This caused

The Age of Revolution

• 1776-1871
• The American Revolution
• Thirteen British colonies in Eastern North America
• Economy based on agriculture and trade
• Black slaves worked in agriculture
• Britain had the monopoly of trade
• Political tensions: Settlers payed taxes but did not have political representation. Rejection to buy British products. Boston Tea Party: attack against a ship with tea [ outbreak of the Revolutionary War
• The conflict brought political changes: Jefferson wrote the Virginia declaration of Rights. 1776 Declaration of Independence
• The American Revolutionary War: Colonies were supported by France and Spain. Washington victories Britain recognised independence. Treaty of Versailles 1783. 1787 United States Constitution. 1789 Washington first American