Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for History

Boxer Rebellion

The Boxer Rebellion was a violent anti-foreign and anti-Christian uprising led by Chinese nationalists. It was quickly crushed, humiliating China. This was one of the first major anti-foreign rebellions.

Bolshevik Revolution

The Bolshevik Revolution in Russia was led by Vladimir Lenin. It established a communist government in the nation and led to the eventual removal of Russia from World War I.

Bentley and Child Labor

A worker in Britain, Bentley testified before a parliamentary committee investigating conditions among child laborers in the British textile industry. He described the poor conditions and low pay. This led to the formation of unions.

The Birth of a Nation

The Birth of a Nation was a silent film released in 1915. It depicted... Continue reading "Key Historical Events and Figures: 19th and 20th Centuries" »

Founding of the RSS

The Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) was founded in 1925 by Dr. Keshav Baliram Hedgewar, a physician based in the central Indian city of Nagpur.^[16] As a medical student in Kolkata, Hedgewar participated in the revolutionary activities of the Anushilan Samiti and Jugantar, both striving to liberate India from British rule. In 1921, he was charged with sedition by the British administration and served a one-year prison sentence.

Early Life and Revolutionary Influences

Educated by his elder brother, Hedgewar moved to Calcutta, West Bengal, in 1910 to pursue medical studies at the behest of Dr. B. S. Moonje. During his time there, he lived with Shyam Sundar Chakravarthy^[19] and mastered combat techniques from secret revolutionary... Continue reading "Origins and History of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh" »

1. Ariketa

1.1. Dendak Irekitzea

18:26an ireki dituzte hainbat denda.

18:26an - hainbat denda

1.2. Anai-Arreben Jaiotza

1991ko maiatzaren 26an jaio ziren zure anai-arrebak.

Maiatzaren 26an - anai-arreba

1.3. Hizkuntza Eskola

Datorren ikasturtean hizkuntza-eskolan emango dute izena hainbat neskek.

Hizkuntza-eskolan - dute - hainbat neskak

1.4. Goizeko Irteera

Urtarriletik maiatzera, ostegunetan, goizeko 07:30etan aterako gara etxetik.

Urtarriletik maiatzera - 07:30ean

1.5. Ekonomi Bileraren Amaiera

Ekonomi-arloko bilera gaueko zortzi eta erdietan amaitu zen; proposamenaren inguruko bozketan, sei eta lau egin zuten.

Ekonomia-arloko - zortzi eta erdietan - sei eta lau egin zuten

1.6. Hezkuntza Proiektua

Ez zaitu inork ere ezagutu, hezkuntza proiektuan aritu ginenetik... Continue reading "Spanish Civil War: Causes, Consequences & Basque Impact" »

Church of La Vera Cruz, Segovia (12th Century)

• Centralized scheme floorplan
• Based on Dome of the Rock & Holy Sepulchre
• Central edicule
• Three apses head
• Quadrilateral bell tower
• Twelve-sided plan
• Two floors
• Buttresses
• Ribbed vault & Caliphal dome

Holy Sepulchre, Torres del Rio, Navarra (12th Century)

• C Templarios
• Octagonal plan
• Tower to get to the lantern
• Mudejar precedents
• Arabic star-shaped dome
• Apse in East
• Archivolts
• Parallel ribs
• Stone dome
• Pointed/midpoint arches

Templarios de Eunate Church, Navarra (12th Century)

• External cloister enclosing the Church
• East apse
• Tower with spiral stairs
• Ribs in dome pass through center
• Octagonal plan
• Dome starts in columns
• Midpoint arch

Cathedrals of St. James (11th Century)

• Central nave with barrel vaults
• Arches and transversal

Causes of the Popular Front in the Second Republic

The Popular Front (Frente Popular) was a Spanish left-wing coalition formed in 1936 during the Second Republic. It emerged due to several critical factors:

1. Political Polarization: Spain was divided between left-wing and right-wing groups. The left wanted to fight the rising power of right-wing movements.
2. Social and Political Reforms: The Popular Front aimed to continue reforms started by the first government of the Republic, including land redistribution.
3. Response to 1934 Repression: The coalition wanted to free political prisoners jailed after the Asturian miners' strike.
4. Corruption Scandals: A corruption case called the Estrapero scandal discredited the Radical Party, forcing the dissolution of

Artistic Masterpieces & Cultural Venues

Famous Paintings of the World

• Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci

  Value: This painting is a symbol of the Renaissance and reflects the genius of da Vinci and the mystery of the female portrait.

• The Starry Night by Vincent van Gogh

  Value: It shows emotional perception of nature and is important for understanding Post-Impressionism.

• Guernica by Pablo Picasso

  Value: This painting symbolizes anti-war protest and reflects the horror of the bombing of Guernica in 1937.

Famous Paintings of Russia

• The Ninth Wave by Ivan Aivazovsky

  Value: This painting shows the beauty of Russian seas and expresses the strong character of the Russian spirit.

• Morning in a Pine Forest by Ivan Shishkin

  Value: It illustrates the beauty of Russian

The End of Bipolarity

Soviet Economy: Strengths and Weaknesses

Positive Aspects of the Soviet Economy

• Rapid industrialization: Five-Year Plans prioritized heavy industry and defense; by 1940, the USSR was the second-largest industrial power.
• Social welfare: High literacy rates, universal healthcare, employment guarantees, and low-cost housing.
• Military and space achievements: Strategic nuclear parity with the US; Sputnik (1957), and the first human in space (1961).
• Global influence: Led the socialist bloc (Warsaw Pact) and supported various anti-colonial movements.

Negative Aspects of the Soviet Economy

• Planning inefficiencies: Chronic shortages of consumer goods and weak responsiveness to market demand.
• Low productivity incentives: State ownership

The Collapse of the Soviet Union

Ronald Reagan served as President of the USA from 1981 to 1988. A staunch conservative and anti-communist leader, he renewed the arms race, which pressured the USSR and eventually contributed to its collapse. Mikhail Gorbachev, the final leader of the Soviet Union (1985–1991), attempted to save the nation through significant reforms:

• Perestroika: Economic restructuring focused on market economy principles and increased consumer goods.
• Glasnost: A policy of transparency, the abolition of censorship, and the introduction of democratic elections.

Causes of the Soviet Bloc Collapse

The crisis of 1991 had roots dating back to 1973. Key factors included:

• Economic Stagnation: The USSR failed to adapt to rising global energy

Key Concepts of the Cold War Era

Defining the Cold War

The Cold War was a period of intense rivalry and tension between the United States (U.S.) and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). During this era, the U.S. and USSR engaged in a nuclear arms race, the Space Race, and formed opposing military alliances: NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) and the Warsaw Pact.

Understanding Decolonization

Decolonization was a historical process through which Asian and African colonies of European empires gained independence. This occurred primarily from 1947 to 1975, coinciding with the Cold War and marking the beginning of the Third World. While new states achieved political freedom, they often remained economically dependent on their former... Continue reading "Cold War & Decolonization: Key Events and Concepts" »

1. Tsarist Russia at the Beginning of the 20th Century

• The Russian Empire had about 150 million people, living across a vast and unevenly populated territory with great ethnic and cultural diversity.
• The economy was based on agriculture, with only slow industrial development; most of the population lived in poverty.
• It was an autocratic monarchy: the Tsar held absolute power, supported by the Orthodox Church, the feudal aristocracy, and a corrupt bureaucracy.
• Political opposition developed within the educated elite, inspired by liberal and Marxist ideas. In 1898 the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party was founded.
• 1903: split into Bolsheviks (radical revolutionaries, led by Lenin) and Mensheviks (more moderate, led by Julius Martov).
• Grigory Rasputin,