Napoleon's Reign: Rise, Reforms, Empire, and Downfall
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Napoleon's Rise to Power
- 1799: Seized control of the Directory through a coup d'état, establishing a three-man Consulate with himself as First Consul.
- 1802: Proclaimed himself Consul for life.
- 1804: Crowned himself Emperor.
- Democratic Despotism: Held absolute power despite holding plebiscites.
Napoleon's Reforms
- Class System/Society:
- Nobles who fled France could return if they swore loyalty.
- Peasants kept their lands.
- New nobility established based on meritocracy.
- Economy: Controlled prices, fostered industrial growth, and strengthened the nation's infrastructure.
- Government: Strengthened the national government and established an efficient bureaucracy.
- Laws: Instituted equality before the law, religious tolerance, and the end of feudalism. However, women