Notes, abstracts, papers, exams and problems of History

Organic Law of the State

The Organic Law of Spain specifies that some areas of law should be regulated, such as the Laws of Development of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms, which was the basis for the Statutes of Autonomy of the various autonomous communities of Spain. Juridically, organic laws are at the same level as ordinary laws. The difference between the two is in the more restrictive process for creating organic laws and in the matters that they regulate. It was written by Franco on January 11, 1967, and it is a first-level legal text.

During the last years of Franconism, there were more problems than ever, and the economic development did not manage to attract people’s support. Citizens asked for changes not only in the economy but in... Continue reading "Organic Law of Spain: Franco's Regime and Democratic Opposition" »

Mikhail Gorbachev

In the late 1980s, Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev implemented a series of changes in his country's social, economic, and foreign policies designed to improve the standard of living and enter a new era with the United States. The cumulative effect of his "new thinking" was to end the Cold War, the breakdown of the Soviet Empire, and the Soviet Union itself.

Mikhail Gorbachev became head of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in 1985.

Economic Challenges and Reforms

The Soviet economy in the mid-1980s faced serious challenges. Years of centralized controls had led to stagnation, and the Soviet economy was already straining to compete with the military buildup in the United States led by President Ronald Reagan. In response,... Continue reading "Mikhail Gorbachev: Reforms and the End of the Cold War" »

Coexistence and Conflict

Q: How long did Al-Andalus and the Christian kingdoms coexist?

A: They coexisted for nearly 800 years.

Early Resistance: Pelayo and the Battle of Covadonga

Q: Who was Pelayo, and what did he do?

A: Pelayo was one of the most important kings in the early Christian kingdoms. He organized the Battle of Covadonga in 722.

Q: Why did he go to prison?

A: Pelayo went to prison because he didn't pay taxes to the Muslim rulers.

Expansion and Consolidation

Q: What happened during the reign of Alfonso III?

A: Alfonso III changed the capital of the Kingdom of Asturias from Oviedo to Leon.

Q: Who was Fernán González, and what role did he play in the development of Castile?

A: Fernán González was a count who helped Castile become independent... Continue reading "The Rise of Christian Kingdoms in Medieval Iberia" »

CARLOS V of the Holy Roman Empire

- Inheritance Maternal: Castilla, Navarra, Aragon, and Territories Italy

- Inheritance Paternal: German Lands, Netherlands, Franche-Comté

- Domestic Policy: Uprisings against a Foreign King: 1. The Revolt of Comuneros in Castilla: Nobles, Bourgeoisie, and Peasants increasing taxes/Battle of Villalar 1521/Bravo, Padilla, Maldonado were killed. 2. Germania Revolts in Valencia and Mallorca: The nobility and the rebels were defeated.

- Foreign Policy: 1. The Papacy was afraid of Carlos V's imperial power. 2. France was surrounded by the territories of the empire, and King Francoise I fought Carlos V. 3. Defending Christianity, Carlos V took Tunis defeated in Algiers

Conflicts with Protestants

4. He defeated the German... Continue reading "Spanish Monarchs: Carlos V, Felipe II, Felipe III" »

• Militarism
• Alliances
• Imperialism
• Nationalism
• Isolationism
• Neutrality
• Communism
• Consumer
• Installment buying
• Stock market
• Evolution
• Creationism
• Bankruptcy
• Debt
• Import
• Export
• Internment
• Atomic weapons
• Containment
• Detente
• Domino theory
• Korean War
• Vietnam War
• Capitalism
• Communism
• Truman Doctrine
• Marshall Plan
• NATO
• Warsaw Pact
• Arms race
• Space race
• Iron curtain
• Superpower
• Cuban Missile Crisis
• Perestroika (Economic reform)
• Glasnost
• Democracy
• Freedom Riders
• Separate but equal
• Segregation
• Integration
• Civil disobedience
• Jim Crow laws
• Black Like Me
• Amendments
• 13th Amendment (Slavery)
• 14th Amendment (Citizenship)
• 15th Amendment (Voting rights)
• 16th Amendment (Tax)
• Voting Rights Act
• Civil Rights Act

CHAPTER 15

THE MAKING OF RADICAL RECONSTRUCTION

The successor of Lincoln, Andrew Johnson, was identified as the leader of the 'honest yeomen' (1865-1869). Also, his political skills attracted the public opinion around the states. His politics offered pardons to the white in the southern elite and accepting local affairs to be managed by the new states government. This government started developing new laws restricting blacks of their freedom. Afterwards, republicans called for the dissolution of the government of Johnson and the guarantee of the right to vote for black men. History shows us that most republicans were moderated rather than radicals, but they bill to the congress to extend the life of the Freedmen's Bureau. In the 14 Amendment,... Continue reading "Radical Reconstruction: A Turning Point in American History" »

Hitler's Aggressive Aims

Hitler's aims were aggressive, and he openly stated them in his book "Mein Kampf" in 1924:

1. Destroy the Treaty of Versailles.
2. Create a Greater Germany (a country of all the German people).
3. Lebensraum (living space) to conquer land for Germany in Eastern Europe.

The Policy of Appeasement

During the 1930s, Britain and France followed a policy of appeasement - they gave Hitler what he wanted in order to keep the peace.

British public opinion did not want another war. People believed Germany was treated harshly by the Treaty of Versailles, so were entitled to take back the Rhineland and do all the other things they did.

Political opinion: Chamberlain was a pacifist.

German propaganda led Britain to believe that Germany was too strong... Continue reading "Hitler's Aims, Appeasement, and WWII Causes" »

Stalinism in the USSR

After Lenin's death in 1924, Stalin became the leader of the USSR and a totalitarian regime developed.

• He controlled all branches of government, including the army, which he used against his political enemies. People who opposed him were executed or sent to prison camps in Siberia.
• The economy was planned and controlled by the state. There was no private property, and industries were nationalized.
• In theory, the Soviet Union was classless, but there were enormous social differences. The ruling elite had access to all types of consumer products, while the rest of the population suffered from shortages of food and basic necessities. Many died of starvation.

Women and Stalinism

Stalin restricted women's rights and freedoms, suppressing... Continue reading "A Comparison of Stalinism in the USSR and Democracy in the USA" »

1.Write down four ways in which Hitler broke the Treaty of Versailles?He stopped paying WWI reparations.He built up the armed forces.He united Germany and Austria (Anschluss).He invaded Czechoslovakia

2.What was Neville Chamberlain´s main aim in his policy towards Hitler? To maintain peace.

3.How did Hitler achieve Anschluss?Nazis in Austria caused disturbances. Hitler used this to force the Austrian chancellor to resign. The Austrian Nazis then took over and invited the Germans into Austria to “restore order”.

4.Why did Britain and France agree that Germany could take over the Sudetenland?More than 50% of the population of the Sudetenland was German, so they thought Hitler’s demand was reasonable.In return.Hitler signed a statement to... Continue reading "Steps to war - aggression by japan, italy and germany 1931-1939" »