Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for History

George ORWELL.Eric (George) was A middle-class Indian. Hi father was an officer in Burma. His mother Took him to England and there he was vrey happy. At the age of 8 he Was sent to a boarding school and it was very traumatic because he Was alone. Being middle-class, Orwell's family could afford to send Him to a boarding school. George was a smart child. In theory, the Boarding school trated all children gool, but in practise the Threatment depended on their status. Orwell felt discriminated, Undervalued by rich people. They gave him his first social injustice. They beat and called cynic for not being like the others. Eric wanted To go to University, but what he did was to be a policeman in India. He returned to Burma, which was under the power... Continue reading "Who did George try to find out what wanted" »

The Russian Revolution: Key Events, Causes, and Outcomes

The February Revolution (1917)

The uprising in Petrograd (St. Petersburg) in February 1917 culminated in the February Revolution. The monarchy fell and was replaced by two bodies:

1. The Provisional Government: Created to organize elections for a Duma. Alexander Kerensky took control of this government.
2. The Petrograd Soviet: Represented the workers and soldiers.

The Bolshevik Slogan

The Bolsheviks' slogan was:

• Peace: An end to World War I.
• Bread: Relief from the prevalent hunger.
• Land: Redistribution of land owned by the aristocracy.

The October Revolution (1917)

The Bolsheviks seized power in an uprising planned by Leon Trotsky, the president of the Petrograd Soviet. The Bolsheviks formed a new government,... Continue reading "Russian Revolution: Key Events, Causes, and Outcomes" »

Key Events Leading to World War II

• 1919: The Treaty of Versailles is signed.
• 1924: Hitler writes "Mein Kampf," outlining his plans.
• 1939: The Global Depression, triggered by the Wall Street crash, helps dictators rise to power.
• 1933: Hitler becomes Chancellor and begins to rebuild his army in secret.
• 1935: Abyssinia invasion: The League of Nations fails.
• 1936: The Rhineland is reoccupied.
• 1936-1939: The Spanish Civil War (Germany rehearses arms and aircraft).
• 1936: Rome-Berlin Axis: Hitler-Mussolini Alliance.
• 1938: Anschluss, the annexation of Austria into Germany.
• 1938: Munich Agreement (Hitler sought more power and territories).
• 1939: Nazis invade Czechoslovakia.
• 1939: The Nazi-Soviet Pact.
• 1939: Invasion of Poland.

World War II: Major Events

• 1939-9: Nazi

The Geography of Rome and Italy

Rome was born in the heart of the agricultural plain of Latium, by the Tiber River and on the hillsides of the seven hills comprising its strategic location.

Geographical Features

• The Mountains

  The Italian Peninsula occupies the center of the Mediterranean. We know it as "the Boot." It is crossed by the Apennines, a mountain range which runs centrally between its two coasts. To the north, Italy is blocked by the Alps. When the Romans went through them, the course of history and the Mediterranean changed.

• The Seas and Islands

  Three seas bathe Italy: the Adriatic, the Tyrrhenian, and the Ionian. Notable islands include Sicily, Sardinia, and smaller islands like Elba and Capri.

• The Rivers

  • a) In the north: the Po
  • b) The Arno,

Trench Warfare

Trench warfare was the second phase of WWI on the Western Front. During this phase, armies could not advance due to the use of machine guns in trenches; as a result, the front line became static.

Treaty of Versailles

The Treaty of Versailles was the peace treaty affecting Germany to negotiate reparations and punishment after WWI. Germany was held solely responsible for the war and faced several penalties:

• Territorial losses in Europe
• Loss of all its colonies
• The German army was reduced to approximately 100,000 soldiers
• Germany had to pay war reparations of 132,000 million gold marks

League of Nations

The League of Nations was an international organization created in 1919 via the Treaty of Versailles. Its headquarters were in Geneva. Its... Continue reading "Key Historical Events and Treaties of the 20th Century" »

Many historians claim that the Treaty of Versailles was a failure because it ultimately led to the rise of Adolf Hitler, World War II, and the Holocaust. But the big question is, why did the Treaty of Versailles fail? History claims that the Treaty failed as it brewed resentment amongst the Germans and also did not help in satisfying the Americans, French, and the British.

Germany's Punishment After World War I

Germany was seen as the country that led to World War I. Hence, the Allies decided to make the country sign a harsh and stringent treaty. This treaty forced Germany to concede its territories to other nations like Poland, Belgium, and Czechoslovakia and return the French land that was annexed during the Franco-Prussian War. Germany even... Continue reading "Treaty of Versailles: Causes of Failure and Impact on WWII" »

My name isSimón José Antonio de la Santísima Trinidad Bolívar y Palacios, better known historically as Simón Bolívar, even though my admirers prefer to name me also because of my title of Liberator, obtained after fighting more than twenty years for the independence of the South American countries and the conformation of Gran Colombia.

I was born on July 24, 1783, in the city of Caracas, Venezuela, even though some theses mention the possibility that my birth actually took place at my parents' farm in San Mateo, a town located a few hours from the capital. In this way, I became the third child of the spouses Juan Vicente Bolívar and Ponte-Andrade and María de la Concepción Palacios y Blanco . However, fate wanted me to remain an... Continue reading "Spanish provinces" »

The Birth of the Basque Nationalist Party

This text gives birth to the Basque Nationalist Party. Sabino Arana wrote his political ideology in this text. His main ideas were that Bizkaia will be Catholic and Roman Apostolic, and Bizkaia will be an independent state. Although the state belongs to the church, he proposes the separation between state and church. The three provinces will be together in a federal and independent state as they share the same race, faith, personality, and customs.

Historical Context: Carlist Wars and Industrialization

The liberal army defeated the Carlists on February 28, 1876. This gave the chance to reduce Basque privileges and to assert the unity of the Spanish state. When the Carlist War ended, Bizkaia underwent a... Continue reading "Sabino Arana and the Basque Nationalist Party Origins" »

The Master of Renaissance Architecture

Andrea Palladio is considered one of the most influential architects of all time, especially in the realm of Renaissance architecture. He incorporated Vitruvian ideologies in his work and was heavily influenced by Greek and Roman architecture. His influence spread through his unique buildings and published writings. By combining traditional architectural styles with his own innovations, he created a distinct style that is conveyed through both his writings and buildings and is still referenced in modern architecture.

The Four Books of Architecture

Palladio's book, I quattro libri dell'architettura (The Four Books of Architecture), publicized his system of building to architects across Europe. He emphasized... Continue reading "The Enduring Legacy of Andrea Palladio's Architecture" »

Roots of Colonial America: Pilgrims, Puritans, and Settlers

The first Europeans to establish settlements were the Spaniards: there was a failed attempt in Carolina in 1526, and in 1565, they established a settlement in Florida, which became the first permanent European settlement. In 1578, Queen Elizabeth granted permission to British sailors to establish a colony. In 1584, Walter Raleigh sent two ships to explore, and they settled in Virginia. In May 1607, Jamestown was founded. Despite many deaths, the colony began to export tobacco. By 1710, the population reached 78,000.

Colonization was motivated by several factors:

• During the 16th century, England was a tumultuous place with food shortages and a lack of jobs in agriculture.
• The need to reduce