Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for History

2. CLASH OF CIVILIZATIONS:

CLASH OF CIVILIZATIONS: Social scientist Samuel L. Huntington published in 1993 one of the most influential articles in the last decade: "The Clash of Civilizations". He tries to define a model that explains international conflict. He predicted what is happening today. The heart of the thesis is: now that the Cold War is over, conflicts will be about civilizations. // Basically what he said was that after the fall of the Berlin Wall and the Soviet Union and so the end of the Cold War, what is going to happen now? He was answering Fukuyama's theory that sustained that the West won and it was the end of historical conflict and that now we were going to live in a peaceful world. // But Huntington believes it's not going... Continue reading "The Clash of Civilizations: Exploring International Conflict" »

The Foral Regime in the Basque Country

The foral regime, a distinctive political and juridical feature of the Basque Country, spanned from the Middle Ages to the Contemporary era. It recognized separate laws, taxation, and courts in each province: the Lordship of Biscay, the Province of Gipuzkoa, and the Hermandad of Araba. Despite their distinct legal systems, these provinces shared many similarities.

The foral regime established a system of shared sovereignty between the King and local authorities. The relationship between the foruak (Basque foral laws), other bodies of law, and sovereignty remains a complex issue to this day. The Basque provinces viewed their foruak as akin to a constitution, guaranteeing their traditional rights. Conversely,... Continue reading "Basque Foral Laws: A History of Shared Sovereignty" »

Columbus got the idea of sailing west to get to Asia in 1474 from a letter that Paolo Toscanelli, a Florentine scientist that advised the Portuguese to take this route since it was shorter than the one from Guinea. Columbus first came to John II to offer him to make the journey, but he turned Columbus down. Then he went to the Spanish and after a lot of negotiation they agreed to support the enterprise. On August 3, 1492, Columbus sailed from Palos with three small ships, the Pinta, the Niña and the Santa Maria. The journey was prosperous but toward the end the crew grew anxious as they didn’t know if they would find land. Eventually on October 12, they made landfall in San Salvador. Still thinking that he had arrived in Asia, he sent an... Continue reading "Christopher Columbus: The Journey to the New World" »

3A -Stages of life

1. Infancy

2. Childhood

3. Adolescence

4. Adulthood

5. Middle age

6. Old age

Franco's Post-Civil War Social Order

How did the Franco regime try to restore social order after the Civil War?

The system of repression that began during the civil war was maintained during the Franco regime. The new state developed a network of repressive laws concerning political responsibilities, state security, repression of freemasonry and communism, and public order. Those who opposed the regime were punished with labor purges, detention in concentration camps, forced labor, torture, imprisonment, or execution.

Demographic and Economic Impact of the War

What were the demographic and economic effects of the Civil War?

Demographically, the country lost nearly one million people. Over half a million were direct or indirect victims of the war,... Continue reading "Franco's Spain: Social Order, War Effects, and Resistance" »

The Russian Revolution

The February Revolution of 1917: The Fall of Tsarism

On 23 February 1917, a large demonstration took place in Petrograd (present-day Saint Petersburg), followed by a general strike and riots in the barracks. The Tsar abdicated, and a republic was proclaimed. It was headed by a Provisional Government, which promised to call constituent elections to establish Russia as a parliamentary democracy.

The new government, dominated by bourgeois parties (Kadet and Esers), initiated a series of political and social reforms. However, they also decided to remain committed to their allies in the war. This commitment made it difficult to improve the living conditions of the population and implement the anticipated land reform.

Popular discontent... Continue reading "Russian Revolutions: Fall of Tsarism, Bolshevik Rise, and Civil War" »

The Korean War

A Glimpse of Everyday Life

I arrived by plane. It was hot and sunny.

On one side of the square, there was a café. Some people were sitting at tables, and one man was talking on the phone.

Anne Frank: A Legacy of Courage and Resilience

Anne Frank was a Jewish girl who, during World War II, had to hide to escape Nazi persecution. Together with seven other people, she remained hidden in the "Secret Annex" of the building on the Prinsengracht canal No. 263 in Amsterdam. After more than two years in hiding, they were discovered and deported to concentration camps. Of the eight people in hiding, only Anne's father, Otto Frank, survived the war. After her death, Anne became world-famous thanks to the diary she wrote while in hiding.

Pablo Picasso: A Revolutionary

_{Mahatma Gandhi was born on October 2, 1869 A.D. in a trading family of Porbandar, a small town in Kathiawar. His full name was Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, and his father was the Diwan of Rajkot. He went to South Africa after marriage and worked as a barrister there for twenty years. In South Africa, he had his first encounter with apartheid. Once while traveling on a train, he was thrown out of the first-class compartment despite having a ticket. This incident motivated him to fight against apartheid. Upon returning to India, he found his country under British rule, and his fellow citizens facing harsh treatment.}

Role of Mahatma Gandhi in Freedom Struggle

_{Like other great men in history, Gandhi took time to develop his techniques to ensure his}

HENRY VIII (1491-1547)

England from 1509. 2nd Tudor monarch. Best known for his 6 marriages & 4 efforts to have the 1st, Catherine of Aragon, annulled & Anne Boleyn. England, Catholic country and the head of the Church, the Pope, would not allow divorce, Catholic marriage for life. Made Church officials swear that he was leader=arrange his own divorce. Process called the reformation and confirmed by the Act of Supremacy (1534) declared Henry Supreme Head of the Church of England. England had accepted the separation, Henry went one step further and the chief’s minister place was taken by Thomas Cromwell. He declared any monks who spoke against him traitors and had them executed. 1536-1540 Henry VIII ordered the closing down of all:... Continue reading "Henry VIII, Elizabeth I, Cromwell, and the Restoration: Key Events in English History" »