Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for History

Early Colonial Developments and Communication

In 1704, the first newspaper, the Boston News-Letter, was established. During this era, the stagecoach became a vital mode of transportation, facilitating the movement of people and the delivery of packages.

Structure of Government in the Colonies

Colonial governance featured a governor, who was either appointed by the community or selected by the King. Additionally, the colonies maintained a Colonial Assembly composed of white men, elected by their peers.

The Navigation Acts and Trade Tensions

Following the restoration of Charles II in 1660, the British government enacted the Navigation Acts in 1660 and 1663. These laws were designed to regulate imports and exports between Britain and North America... Continue reading "Colonial America: Government, Trade Laws, and the Road to War" »

Historical Vocabulary and Definitions

Key Terms of the 18th Century

Ancient Regime

The political and social system established in Europe during the 16^th and 18^th centuries. It was overthrown in 1789 by the French Revolution.

Holy Alliance

A pact celebrated on the initiative of Alexander I of Russia, between Austria, Russia, and Prussia, signed on September 26, 1815, in Paris, following the Battle of Waterloo.

Treaty of Utrecht

A peace agreement signed in 1713 between England and France to end the War of the Spanish Succession, which began in Europe in 1701. France agreed to compensate the British fur company in North America for losses suffered during the war.

Enlightenment

A cultural movement of philosophers in 17^th and 18^th century Europe. Philosophers... Continue reading "Key Concepts of the Ancient Regime and Enlightenment Era" »

The Rise of the National Socialist Party

Not believing Germany lost the war, he joined the National Socialist German Workers' Party. Their core ideology was based on three pillars:

• 1. Society has to be united to make Germany a great nation.
• 2. A totalitarian state: prioritizing the interest and the good of the state.
• 3. Aryans (the master race) vs. non-Aryans.

Their ideas were racist, anti-Semitic, nationalist, anti-communist, and anti-democratic. In November 1923, the Nazis launched the Beer Hall Putsch, and Hitler was arrested.

Consolidation of Power and the Enabling Acts

Later, the party was reorganized as a fanatical mass movement. The Nazis became the biggest party. In 1933, Hitler was named Chancellor. The first act was to use the burning of... Continue reading "Rise of the Nazi Party and the Path to World War II" »

... Continue reading "FAmily matters" »

Causes of the French Revolution

Taxation and the Third Estate

The Third Estate was the only estate that paid taxes, yet it could not afford to pay more. The privileged estates refused to pay them, and in 1789, the Estates-General were convoked by Louis XVI to change the system.

Harvest Failures

There were crop failures and severe winters in 1788 and 1789. The peasants and the urban poor were the main victims, affected by rising cereal prices, which left the Third Estate impoverished.

The American War of Independence

France was involved in the American War of Independence. While it resulted in a victory against Britain, it caused a new financial crisis due to the expenses of fighting abroad. The war significantly damaged the French economy.

French

... Continue reading "French Revolution History: Origins, Napoleon, and Liberalism" »

3, The cultural legacy of the feudal system: pilgrimages and crusades.

... Continue reading "The Cultural Legacy of the Feudal System: Pilgrimages and Crusades" »

Countries, Nationalities, and Languages

This table provides a list of countries, their corresponding nationalities, and the languages spoken in each country.

Country	Nationality	Language(s)
Afghanistan	Afghan	Persian - Pashto
Argentina	Argentinian	Spanish
Australia	Australian	English
Belgium	Belgian	French / Flemish
Bolivia	Bolivian	Spanish
Brazil	Brazilian	Portuguese
Cambodia	Cambodian	Cambodian
Cameroon	Cameroonian	French / English
Canada	Canadian	English / French
Chile	Chilean	Spanish
China	Chinese	Chinese
Colombia *	Colombian	Spanish
Costa Rica	Costa Rican	Spanish
Cuba	Cuban	Spanish
Denmark	Danish	Danish
Dominican Republic	Dominican	Spanish
Ecuador	Ecuadorian	Spanish
Egypt	Egyptian	Arabic
El Salvador	Salvadorian	Spanish
England	English	English
Estonia	Estonian	Estonian
Ethiopia	Ethiopian	Amharic
Finland	Finnish	Finnish
France	French	French
Germany	German	German
Ghana	Ghanaian	English
Greece	Greek	Greek
Guatemala	Guatemalan	Spanish
Haiti	Haitian	French

... Continue reading "Countries, Nationalities, and Languages Spoken List" »

The Cold War: A Global Political Rivalry

The Cold War was a political rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies that developed after World War II.

The conflict began after the surrender of Nazi Germany in 1945, when the alliance between the United States and Great Britain on one side and the Soviet Union on the other started to fall apart. The Soviet Union began to establish left-wing governments in the countries of Eastern Europe, determined to safeguard against Germany. The Americans and the British worried that Soviet domination in Eastern Europe might be permanent.

The Cold War was solidified by 1947–48, when U.S. aid brought certain Western countries under American influence and the Soviets established... Continue reading "The Cold War: Origins, Key Conflicts, and Final Collapse" »

Impressionism: Monet, Renoir, Degas, Rodin

Post-impressionism: Cézanne, Gaudin, Van Gogh

Fauvism: Matisse

Expressionism: Munch, Kirchner

Cubism: analytic or Synthetic. Picasso, Braque

The forms of colonial rule→ mayor imperialist power were GB and France. Soon joined by Germany, Italy, Russia, Belgium, Spain and US and Japan. Diverse forms of colonial rule: -concessions were commercial advantages, the transfer of ports and trade. -Protectors maintained their indigenous. -Governments, but the colonial strength-controlled policy, the army and exploitation of certain territories that were India and Egypt. -Colonies where territories under the sovereignty of such metropole. Position controlled strategic points. -Settler colonialism large scale settling... Continue reading "Steps to war - aggression by japan, italy and germany 1931-1939" »

Spain Under Alfonso XIII

Political Opposition

The Bourbon Restoration in Spain was characterized by alternating Liberal and Conservative governments. However, this system began to collapse due to internal divisions within both political parties. In addition, other parties were also gaining support:

• The Spanish Socialist Party (PSOE) argued for increased working-class access to power.
• Republican parties, such as the Radical Republican Party (PRR), argued for the abolition of the monarchy and the establishment of a republic.
• The Spanish Communist Party (PCE) argued for the creation of a Communist state similar to the USSR.
• Regionalist parties such as the Basque Nationalist Party (PNV) and the Regionalist League of Catalonia (LRC) demanded more autonomy

... Continue reading "Alfonso XIII's Reign: Spanish Political Turmoil and Colonial Issues" »