Notes, abstracts, papers, exams and problems of History

1)  circulation elements include the following:

d) all of the above ***

2)  The krak des chevalier castle was built by what Order of knights

       a)Hospitaller knights

3)Where did the crusader castles store their Water?  

      a)An Aqueduct

4)Which monastic church was a unique example of Romanesque Architecture?

    a) Cluny In Italy(france). ********** or St Peter’s Basilica  in Rome or Basilica di San Giovanni in Laterano in rome

5)Name The monumental sculpture of a recumbent lion with the pharaoh. It is placed at The foot of the great pyramids at gizah.  

     b)The Sphinx

6)A hypostyle hall in the great temple at karnak Contains many columns with the following average diameter:

      a)12 foot diameter

7)A hypostyle hall

FUEROS AND LIBERALISM: CARLIST WARS AND PROCESS TO ABOLISH THE FUEROS (1833-1876)

The Foral Regime

Fueros were the old laws of Basque people at the beginning were oral, but then became to be written. Even though Basque Fueros were not the only ones, they lasted more than the others, until 1876. In addition, it must be said that each Basque territory had its own Fueros: Guipozcoa, Alava, Viscay, Lapurdi, Zuberoa and Navarre. This implied that each territory has its own government as well.

Characteristics:

• The institutions were the following ones:

  • Town Councils: there were the essential units of political organization. Citizens chose their mayors. Moreover, each council used to send its representative to the General Juntas.

  • General Juntas: their main

Does Oil Hinder Democracy?

The Research of Michael Ross

In 2001, UCLA Professor Michael Ross explored the intriguing question: Does oil hinder the development of democracy? He observed that while most wealthy nations are democratic, oil-rich countries often are not. This raises the question: What is the relationship between oil wealth and democratic governance?

Beyond Arab Oil: A Global Perspective

While some might point to Arab oil-producing nations as examples, it's important to consider countries like Mexico and Norway, which are both oil-rich and democratic. This suggests that the issue is more nuanced than simply the presence of oil. Could the problem lie in a country's dependence on a single source of income, such as oil or diamonds?

The Rentier

LIFE AND SOCIETY DURING THE WAR

Investment in military resources had a negative effect on society. Industries that had previously produced consumer goods reduced their production. The civilian population suffered from shortages, and rationing systems were introduced to distribute basic goods. Part of the population was evacuated to rural areas because the towns and cities were being constantly bombed. Many people had to change their habits to protect themselves from night-time bombing raids, which became a common practice.

IN THE COUNTRIES OCCUPIED BY GERMANY

• A resistance movement was formed, who fought against German occupying forces. This consisted of secret groups of civilians who cooperated with the Allies against the Germans.
• Collaborators

The Genesis of World War II: Debunking the Gavrilo Princip Myth

Although Gavrilo Princip, a Bosnian member of the Black Hand terrorist group, ignited World War I through his assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, his actions were not responsible for the outbreak of World War II. Instead, the devastating Great Depression, the tension-inducing Treaty of Versailles, and the rise of expansionist Fascist governments, particularly Hitler's Nazi Germany, were the primary catalysts for the second global conflict.

The Great Depression: A Breeding Ground for Conflict

One of the key reasons why it is impossible to attribute World War II to Gavrilo Princip is his lack of direct involvement in the Great Depression. This severe economic downturn, lasting... Continue reading "Causes of World War II: Beyond Gavrilo Princip" »

Conflicts with France

The conflict with France stemmed from a personal rivalry between Charles V and Francis I, King of France. Both monarchs aimed to control the same territories, leading to numerous confrontations and alliances. The rivalry saw significant victories and defeats for both sides, with the Battle of Pavia (1525) standing out as a pivotal moment.

The Ottoman Threat

Another challenge faced by Charles V was the Ottoman Empire, ruled by the formidable Suleiman the Magnificent. Suleiman's vast and prosperous empire, stretching from Asia to Africa and Europe, posed a significant threat on multiple fronts.

In the Mediterranean and North Africa, constant naval clashes erupted between Charles V and Suleiman's forces, resulting in the loss... Continue reading "The Reign of Charles V: Conflicts, Religions, and Dynasties" »

Between 1814-1815 the powers that defeated Napoleon (United Kingdom, Austria, Prussia, and Russia) met at the Congress of Vienna, with two objectives:

• Restore the old regime

They returned to their thrones the monarchs that Napoleon had deposed.

• Rebuild the political map of Europe

France returned to its limits of 1791 and the territories were divided, without counting on some towns.

It was agreed to convene congresses, where diplomatically conflicts between countries would be resolved and intervention was authorized in those countries threatened by a revolution.

• Two alliances were created to ensure the established order:

• The Holy Alliance formed by Austria, Russia, and Prussia
• The Quadruple Alliance formed by Austria, Russia, Prussia, and United Kingdom

New

1. Iron Curtain: Division of Europe into mostly democratic (west) and communist (east)

2. Containment: Foreign policy, Harry Truman blocked Soviet influence to stop the spread of communism

3. Brinkmanship: Policy under Eisenhower where our country would go to the edge of war

4. Castro: Cuban Communist dictator

5. Nikita Khrushchev: Took over after Stalin

6. JFK: President 1960-1963 and during Cuban missile crisis

7. Douglas MacArthur: General of UN troops in Korean War

8. Domino Theory: Idea that if one country becomes Communist, others will follow

9. UN: Organization of nations to solve world problems

10. Marshall Plan: US assisted West Europe by providing food, machinery, and materials

11. Cold War: Communist (USSR) vs democracy (America)

12. Warsaw Pact: Alliance of USSR with other Eastern

Contrasting Perspectives on International Development

William Easterly

Background

• Born in 1957; PhD in Economics from MIT.
• Professor of Economics at NYU and prominent development economist.
• Author of books critiquing traditional foreign aid approaches, such as "The White Man's Burden" and "The Elusive Quest for Growth."

Key Arguments

• Skeptical of top-down, expert-driven development strategies.
• Emphasizes the importance of local ownership, accountability, and market-based solutions.
• Argues that aid can often be ineffective and even harmful if not implemented properly.

Richard Dowden

Background

• Born in 1949; British journalist and expert on African affairs.
• Executive Director of the Royal African Society.
• Author of "Africa: Altered States, Ordinary Miracles.

The Thirty Years' War: Origins and Escalation

The Thirty Years' War began as an internal revolt within the Holy Roman Empire, pitting Protestant Princes against the new Catholic Emperor, Ferdinand II.

The Spark: Bohemian Revolt

It all started in the Kingdom of Bohemia (modern-day Czech Republic) when Ferdinand II, a Catholic, was elected king in 1617. He soon began to restrict the religious freedom of the predominantly Protestant population by closing and forbidding the construction of Protestant churches. This made him very unpopular, especially among the Protestant nobles.

The Defenestration of Prague

In 1618, a group of Protestant nobles captured the king's representatives in Prague and threw them out of the palace window! Miraculously, they... Continue reading "The Thirty Years' War: Causes, Conflicts, and Consequences" »