Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for History

Economic Recovery (The 1920s)

Definition

Loans and investments in European industries were given by the American government. War reparations and payments were revised.

Aim

To increase the value of the German mark (currency).

Consequence

The United States also helped other European countries by giving them loans and selling the consumer goods they lacked. As a result, by the mid-1920s, the world economy began to recover and grew steadily. It was a prosperous time, known as the Roaring Twenties.

The Wall Street Crash of 1929

Industrial Overproduction

During World War I, American industry supplied Europe, so they produced more. After the war, European industry started to recover, and European countries started producing their own products.

Consequence

Europe...

Make an Essay. Please, Be Careful with the Parts: Introduction, Body and Conclusion. Do Your Best.

a) October 9th, 1820

The revolution of October 9, 1820 has its antecedents from 1814. José de Antepara, José Joaquin Olmedo, and Jose de Villamil arrived in Guayaquil to introduce new political concepts and forms of government to the people. These patriots emphasized independence, democracy, and the republic, advocating for necessary changes in political and social structures.

Major Miguel de Utamendi arrived in the port, connecting with other figures from Spanish America. On October 8, 1820, the conspirators initiated their plan, successfully taking over the city's barracks. A government junta was formed, and the flag of independent Guayaquil...

The Congress of Vienna and the Restoration

The Congress of Vienna, convened after Napoleon's defeat in 1815, marked a return to the Ancien Régime. European powers—Austria, Prussia, Russia, and Great Britain—sought to restore the pre-revolutionary political order.

Two key alliances emerged during this period:

• The Holy Alliance: Comprising Russia, Prussia, and Austria.
• The Quadruple Alliance: Including Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Great Britain.

Revolutions and Ideologies

The 19th century witnessed numerous revolutions across Europe, fueled by discontent with the restored order. These uprisings were driven by powerful ideologies:

Liberalism

Liberalism championed individual liberties and resonated with the burgeoning bourgeoisie. Its core principles...

Mesopotamia, also known as the Cradle of Civilization, was ruled by 16 different nations.

The Republic of Iraq gained independence from Britain in 1932. King Faisal ruled until 1979, when Saddam Hussein took power after five different coups.

The Iraq War in 2003, also known as Operation Iraqi Freedom, resulted in the capture of Saddam Hussein, who was found hiding in a hole after Operation Red Dawn.

Saddam Hussein was responsible for the deaths of 148 Shia and 180,000 Kurds in the Anfal Campaign, including the infamous Halabja Attack that killed 15,000 people with chemical weapons.

After his death in 2006, it was revealed that Saddam Hussein had killed 205,000 Kurds, leading to the implementation of no-fly zones over Iraq.

The history of Iraq is...

EU policy involvement varies not just in its extent but also in its nature. The most important aspect of this varying nature is whether policies rely heavily on EU law or are more based on forms of intergovernmental cooperation.

It used to be the case that in those policy areas where the EU exercised significant responsibilities, well-established and effective policy instruments resting on EU law were almost invariably in place. It also used to be the case that where EU policy involvement was very limited, policy instruments tended mostly to be of the voluntary and persuasive kind.

However, over the years these two generalised statements, and especially the first, have become increasingly less accurate as the EU has made use of an increasing

World War I: Causes and Outbreak

World War I began in 1914, following the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary. The conflict pitted the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire) against the Allied Powers (Great Britain, France, Russia, Italy, Romania, Japan, and the United States).

The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand triggered a series of diplomatic crises that led to the outbreak of war. Austria-Hungary, convinced that Serbia was behind the assassination, declared war on Serbia on July 28, 1914. Russia, allied with Serbia, mobilized its army in response, prompting Germany to declare war on Russia and France.

Within a week, World War I had begun, with Russia, Belgium, France,...

Dancing with the Wolves: Conquest of the West

The closing of the American frontier is marked by two significant dates: the Wounded Knee Massacre in South Dakota (1890) and the Columbian Exposition in Chicago (1893). The latter showcased America's triumph and glory. Historian Frederick Jackson Turner delivered a speech at the Exposition, declaring the frontier officially closed.

The Gilded Age and the Rise of Industrialization

The closure of the frontier coincided with the onset of the Gilded Age, a period of rapid industrialization. People migrated from rural areas to burgeoning industrial cities. Small farms suffered due to the rise of agribusiness.

Muckrakers and Social Reform

Amidst widespread corruption, a movement of middle-class intellectuals,...

CARLOS V of the Holy Roman Empire

- Inheritance Maternal: Castilla, Navarra, Aragon, and Territories Italy

- Inheritance Paternal: German Lands, Netherlands, Franche-Comté

- Domestic Policy: Uprisings against a Foreign King: 1. The Revolt of Comuneros in Castilla: Nobles, Bourgeoisie, and Peasants increasing taxes/Battle of Villalar 1521/Bravo, Padilla, Maldonado were killed. 2. Germania Revolts in Valencia and Mallorca: The nobility and the rebels were defeated.

- Foreign Policy: 1. The Papacy was afraid of Carlos V's imperial power. 2. France was surrounded by the territories of the empire, and King Francoise I fought Carlos V. 3. Defending Christianity, Carlos V took Tunis defeated in Algiers

Conflicts with Protestants

4. He defeated the German...

Consequences of World War II

• The United Nations was created to avoid conflicts and to maintain peace.
• The United States and the Soviet Union went from being allies to enemies, leading to a military and nuclear build-up.
• The United States and the United Kingdom were capitalist; the Soviet Union was communist.
• The two superpowers each wanted to be the world leader.
• Decolonization in Africa and Asia began.
• Disagreements between both blocks led to the Cold War (1947 - 1991).
• NATO was formed as a military pact between the USA and Western countries.
• The Warsaw Pact was formed as a military pact between the USSR and its allies.

Cold War (1947 - 1991)

• When did it start? In 1947.
• What happened? A tense relationship developed between the two blocks.
• Causes? Ideological