Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for History

Hoovervilles: Shantytowns of the Great Depression

A Nation's Struggle for Shelter

During the Great Depression, resourcefulness became a necessity for survival. People salvaged discarded materials like lumber, tin, cardboard, tar paper, glass, and canvas to construct makeshift shelters known as Hoovervilles. These shantytowns, named after President Herbert Hoover, dotted the American landscape, a stark reminder of the widespread poverty and unemployment. While some residents with carpentry skills built relatively sturdy structures, others cobbled together packing boxes and whatever they could find. Some even resorted to living in empty water mains. The ingenuity and desperation of the era were evident in these makeshift communities.

The Challenge

Axis Victories (1939-1941)

Axis Powers: Japan, Italy, and Germany

Following the invasion of Poland in September 1939, Hitler initiated the 'Blitzkrieg' (lightning war) strategy, employing surprise attacks, aerial support, and Panzer divisions. Poland was subsequently divided between the USSR and Germany.

In 1940, Germany invaded and occupied much of Western Europe, including Norway, the Netherlands, Denmark, Belgium, and France. Great Britain remained the sole nation resisting German occupation. To prepare for a potential invasion of Britain, the German air force launched bombing campaigns on British ports and cities during the Battle of Britain. Britain successfully resisted the attacks, prompting Hitler to shift his strategy and impose a blockade... Continue reading "World War II: A Timeline of Key Events" »

By 1800, the London Corresponding Society and Paine’s The Rights of Man were banned by the government. As Thompson explained, every time the working classes tried to assert their rights, they were repressed. However, The Rights of Man continued to be read and circulated in secret.

Thompson´s Making of the English working class can be divided into three parts:

Examine the Notions of Kingship Mentioned in the Gandatindu Jataka

Answer: Popular Perceptions of Kings - The Gandatindu Jataka describes the plight of the subjects of a wicked king.

1. When the king went in disguise to find out what his subjects thought about him, each one of them cursed him for their miseries, complaining that they were attacked by robbers at night and by tax collectors during the day.
2. To escape from this situation, people abandoned their villages and went to live in the forest.
3. As this story indicates, the relationship between a king and his subjects, especially the rural population, could often be strained – kings frequently tried to fill their coffers by demanding high taxes, and peasants, in particular, found such demands

Decolonization and the Cold War (1945-1991)

The Cold War

Overview

The Cold War (1945-1991) was a period of geopolitical tension between the Western Bloc (led by the USA, promoting liberal democracy and capitalism) and the Eastern Bloc (led by the USSR, advocating for a single-party system and a planned economy).

Stages

1. Formation of blocs (1945-1953)
2. Coexistence and confrontation (1953-1968)
3. Détente (1968-1979)
4. Renewed conflict (1979-1985)
5. Crisis and fall of the Soviet bloc (1985-1991)

Key Events and Developments

Formation of Blocs (1945-1953)

• Iron Curtain: The division of Europe into Western (democratic and capitalist) and Eastern (communist) blocs.
• Marshall Plan (1947): Implemented by the USA to reconstruct Western Europe and contain communism.
• NATO (1949)

American Revolution (1775-1783)

The American Revolution (1775-1783) was a period in which the 13 colonies on the Atlantic side of North America won independence from Great Britain and became the United States of America (USA). Americans complained that they had to pay high taxes to Great Britain but were given no political representation.

Immediate Causes of the French Revolution

• Unemployment increase
• Market went into recession
• Cost of living doubled
• American War of Independence
• Payment failures

Key Events of the French Revolution

The Beginning

In 1789, the Estates General finally met. There were 291 representatives of the Church, 270 nobles, and 578 of the Third Estate. They immediately asked to change the voting system, at least to one person, one... Continue reading "American and French Revolutions: Causes and Impacts" »

Authoritarianism and Totalitarianism

In Germany, Italy, and the USSR, authoritarian dictatorships came to power. In these regimes, power was concentrated in the hands of a supreme leader and one ruling political party. In some cases, these evolved into totalitarian regimes (a form of government in which the leader's control over the government and society was absolute).

Factors contributing to the rise of authoritarian and totalitarian regimes:

• The war had aroused nationalist feelings.
• The power of the state increased with state intervention in the economy and society during the crisis.
• New parties were formed that represented the working masses.

Characteristics of the regimes:

• The government was an authoritarian dictatorship.
• These regimes pursued

Make an Essay. Please, Be Careful with the Parts: Introduction, Body and Conclusion. Do Your Best.

a) October 9th, 1820

The revolution of October 9, 1820 has its antecedents from 1814. José de Antepara, José Joaquin Olmedo, and Jose de Villamil arrived in Guayaquil to introduce new political concepts and forms of government to the people. These patriots emphasized independence, democracy, and the republic, advocating for necessary changes in political and social structures.

Major Miguel de Utamendi arrived in the port, connecting with other figures from Spanish America. On October 8, 1820, the conspirators initiated their plan, successfully taking over the city's barracks. A government junta was formed, and the flag of independent Guayaquil... Continue reading "Revolution of October 9, 1820: Independence in Guayaquil" »

"Pride (In the Name of Love)" as a Pacifist Anthem

"Pride (In the Name of Love)" can be considered a song dedicated to Martin Luther King, Jr. It is viewed as a pacifist anthem inspired by this unique anti-racist leader, who is remembered as one of the most important social figures in the history of the United States.

Key lyrics:

• "One man come in the name of love"
• "One man come and go"
• "One man come he to justify"
• "One man to overthrow"

What's more:

• In the name of love
• What more in the name of love?

Key Concepts:

Assembly - Right - People - Nations - Individual - Teaching - Respect - Achievement - Freedom - International

Influential Figures in Peace and Justice Movements

Gandhi (1869-1948)

Gandhi was a Hindu lawyer and politician who fought in the Indian... Continue reading "Pacifist Anthem Inspired by Anti-Racist Leaders" »

Comparing the Chesapeake Bay and New England Colonies

The establishment of British North America saw the founding of two distinct colonial regions. In 1607, the first permanent British settlement, the Chesapeake Bay Colony, was founded in the area of Maryland and Virginia. Later, in 1630, another group of British settlers, including women, men, and children, settled in the area around New England, forming the New England Colony.

These two colonies differed significantly across several key areas:

• Population Structure: The Chesapeake Bay Colony initially consisted primarily of single men seeking profit, whereas the New England Colony was comprised of families seeking religious freedom.
• Political Systems: The Chesapeake Bay Colony implemented the