Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for History

The Polish Problem

In the summer of 1939, Poland was unaware of the impending war.

German Invasion

August 31, 1939:

• Provocation of Gleiwitz: Germany staged an attack on its own radio station to blame Poland.

September 1, 1939:

• Germany invaded Poland without a declaration of war.
• Schleswig-Holstein battle: German battleship attacked the port of Gdańsk.

Soviet Invasion

September 17, 1939:

• Soviet Union invaded Poland under the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact.

Poland under German Occupation

• Headquarters in Kraków: Nazis established the General Government.
• Robbery of Art: Masterpieces were stolen.
• Sonderaktion Krakau: Intellectual elites, including professors, were arrested.

Soviet Occupation

• Katyn Massacre: Polish military elites were executed in the Katyn Forest.
• Civilians

• 28th June, 1914:

  Serb student, Gavrilo Princip, shoots Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife.

• 28th July, 1914:

  Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia.

• 29th July, 1914:

  Due to its alliance, Russia mobilizes troops to defend Serbia.

• 1st of August, 1914:

  Germany declares war on Russia.

• 2nd of August, 1914:

  France declares war on Germany to help Russia.

• 3rd August, 1914:

  Germany declares war on France.

• 4th August, 1914:

  Germany invades neutral Belgium on its way to France. Great Britain declares war on Germany.

• 6th August, 1914:

  Austria-Hungary declares war on Germany.

• 7th August, 1914:

  Lord Kitchener calls for 100,000 men to join the British army to defend France and Belgium.

Why was - The Nation

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Adjaye,National Museum of African American History, W, DC 17

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Kenzo, Kagawa Prefecture Government Hall , Japan, 1958

Eero, TWA Flight Center, NY,56-62 Paul Rudolph, Yale Art and Architecture Building, New Haven,58-62

Kenzo, Peace Memorial Center, Japan 46-56

McDonough and Associates, Lewis Center for Environmental Studies, OH,01

Moore, Piazza d'Italia, New Orleans,75-78 Le Corbusier, Ronchamp, France,50-54 Graves, Portland Services Building, Portland,79

diller + renfro - Phantom House - New York Times Magazine,07 Stirling, Neue Staatsgalerie, Stuttgart, Germany,77-84 Louis... Continue reading "Who did George try to find out" »

Consequences of Imperialism (Colonies)

Demographic Growth: Increased due to a decrease in mortality thanks to improvements in hygiene and health. However, it also led to starvation and poverty in some regions.

Destruction of Ethnic Structures: Indigenous artisan crafts could not compete with manufactured goods from the colonists and gradually disappeared.

Resource Exploitation: Colonies practiced single-crop agriculture serving the colonial power's domestic needs. Industrialization was suppressed, and colonies primarily provided raw materials and markets. Mining was also significant.

Cultural Imposition: European languages, religions, and cultures were imposed, relegating indigenous cultures to a secondary status.

Artificial Borders: Colonization... Continue reading "Impact of Colonialism: Demographic Shifts, Economic Effects, and Global Conflicts" »

Henry David Thoreau's *Walden*: A Transcendentalist Experiment

Thoreau's Experiment in Simple Living

Finally, although Thoreau's life at Walden Pond between 1845 and 1847 constituted a community of only one, his stay there was just as much an experiment in living and an attempt at applied idealism as were Brook Farm and Fruitlands.

The Transcendentalists believed in the importance of a direct relationship with God and with nature.

*Walden*: A Journey of Spiritual Discovery

Thoreau, who was born and lived almost his entire life in Concord, went to live at Walden Pond in 1845 to experience nature directly and intensely and to test his Transcendental outlook in the concrete physical world. The full title of the work is *Walden; or, Life in the Woods*... Continue reading "Henry David Thoreau's Walden: A Transcendentalist Experiment in Simple Living" »

Robespierre and the Reign of Terror

Believing that the revolution was in danger, the radical revolutionaries, or Jacobins, used this support to increase their powers. The Jacobin leader, Maximilien Robespierre, assumed all powers and established a dictatorship. The danger of foreign invasion and the internal threat from French opponents of the revolution led to the Reign of Terror (1793-1794), a ten-month period of violent repression. A special tribunal, the Committee of Public Safety, was established by Georges Danton and Robespierre. They tried people who were suspected of opposing the Republic, even without proof, sentencing them to death by the guillotine, a famous symbol of the French Revolution. Around 50,000 people were executed. Robespierre... Continue reading "French Revolution: Robespierre, Napoleon, and the Rise of Nationalism" »

World War Two: Main Ideas and Big Idea

Main Ideas:

• Economic and political problems troubled Europe in the years after World War One.
• World War Two broke out when Germany invaded Poland.
• Nazi Germany targeted the Jews during the Holocaust.
• Allied victories in Europe and Japan brought the end of World War Two.

The Big Idea:

Problems in Europe led to World War Two, the deadliest war in history.

Great Depression

It was a global crisis in the 1930s.

Meaning of Dictator

It is a ruler who has total control.

Most Famous Dictators

• Russia: Vladimir Lenin
• Germany: Adolf Hitler
• Italy: Benito Mussolini

Threats to Peace

After World War One, European countries wanted peace. Many countries helped to prevent another deadly war, but by the late 1930s, attempts at peace had failed.... Continue reading "World War Two: Main Ideas, Big Idea, and Timeline" »

The novel Oroonoko: A Critical Analysis

The novel Oroonoko, written by Aphra Behn (1610-1689), is one of the most important works of its time. Behn tells the story of Oroonoko, the prince of Coramantien in Africa, who becomes a slave after his woman, Imoinda, is captured. Behn, who was against slavery, contributed to the beginning of the novel in England. This essay aims to discuss the signs of racism in the novel, where Behn, despite her anti-slavery stance, makes some racist comments that reflect the prevailing attitudes of the time.

Throughout the novel, Behn idealizes Oroonoko, using a literary technique known as the idealization of the hero. However, she also makes racist comments, such as describing Oroonoko's nose as 'rising and Roman,... Continue reading "Racism in Aphra Behn's Oroonoko: A Critical Analysis" »

1931 CONSTITUTION: The constitution was of left influence. It was approved on December 9, 1931.

State: Democratic Republic and National Sovereignty

·State: democratic republic and national sovereignty

Power Organisation:

• Legislative: congress (only one chamber)
• New figure: president of the Republic (elected for 6 years)
• Constitutional court was created

Women's Right to Vote

Many left-wing parties voted against it because women weren't prepared and they were very religious and easily influenced. They were afraid of left-wing parties obtaining more votes.

Citizens' Rights

Individual rights were accepted for the first time, including education, work, health, and housing.

Limit of Property Right

It was possible to disentitle lands in favor of general interests.