Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for History

Historical Analogies and Key Terms

Exercise VI: Complete the sentences. Use the words below. One word will not be used.

Word Bank: mosaics, vassals, sagas, Orthodox Church, Justinian Code, Barbarians

1. Hot is to cold as vassals were to the Romans.
2. The Code of Hammurabi was to the Babylonians as the Justinian Code was to the Byzantines.
3. Epics were to the Greeks as Barbarians were to the Vikings.
4. The Catholic Church was to the Western Roman Empire as the Orthodox Church was to the Eastern Roman Empire.

Foundations of Islam: Key Figures and Beliefs

Exercise VII: Complete the paragraph. Use the words below. One word will not be used.

Word Bank: Hajj, fast, Medina, Mecca, Kaaba

Muhammad was born in Mecca in Arabia. Muslims believe that an angel appeared to... Continue reading "Ancient Worlds: Empires, Faiths, and Innovations" »

Atlanta: A Historical Summary

Indigenous Roots and Founding

• The land where Atlanta now stands was originally Cherokee and Creek territory until the forced removal of these tribes.
• The Creek tribe ceded the territory to the state of Georgia in 1821.
• Atlanta was founded in 1836 and officially became a city in 1847.

The Civil War Era

Atlanta as a Confederate Stronghold

During the Civil War, Atlanta's population reached 15,000, making it a vital railway junction and a leading supply center for Confederate troops. This strategic importance made it the primary target of General William Tecumseh Sherman's campaign from Chattanooga.

• Several major battles occurred near the city before its capture on September 1, 1864.
• Confederate General John Bell Hood evacuated

The Russian Revolution of 1917 and the Creation of the USSR

Causes of the Russian Revolution: Tsarist Empire Crisis

Tsar Nicholas II of Russia

At the dawn of the 20^th century, the Russian Empire faced significant turmoil, driven by widespread dissatisfaction across several levels:

Political Dissatisfaction

• Opposition of Political Parties:
  • Liberal bourgeois parties sought reform.
  • Marxist parties advocated for revolution.
  • Bolsheviks championed the dictatorship of the proletariat.
  • Mensheviks favored collaboration with bourgeois parties.

Economic and Social Disparities

• Marked class differences: extremely poor peasants, a very wealthy nobility, and a small bourgeois class.

Precursors: The 1905 Revolution

• Key events that fueled public discontent:
  • Russo-Japanese

Chapter 15: The American Civil War

Key Figures and Battles

Match the following items with their descriptions:

1. Maryland, Delaware, Kentucky, Missouri: These were the only slave states that remained in the Union.
2. Union naval blockade: This quickly choked off Southern commercial activity.
3. The First Battle of Bull Run: This was the first real battle of the Civil War.
4. Anaconda Plan: This refers to the initial three-pronged Union strategy that included, among other things, a blockade of the southern coast to strangle the South.
5. Britain: Much of the Confederacy’s diplomatic efforts were aimed at this nation.
6. Kansas-Missouri border: Fighting along this featured brutal guerilla warfare.
7. Battle of Antietam: This was the bloodiest single day of the Civil War.

Key Concepts and Timeline of 20th Century Spanish History

Defining Moments and Terms

Tragic Week

A protest in 1909 against sending troops to Morocco, which led to a general strike followed by a popular uprising in which convents were attacked and burned. The army suppressed the rebellion, resulting in many deaths and executions.

Casas Viejas Incident

The Civil Guard and Assault Guard suppressed an anarchist uprising in Cádiz in 1933, resulting in many deaths and contributing to the overthrow of the Azaña government.

Popular Front

A political coalition formed in 1936, composed of left-wing Republicans, Socialists, and Communists. Its goals included resuming the reforms of the 'Reformist Biennium' and declaring amnesty for political prisoners.

Autarky

An... Continue reading "Key Events and Concepts of 20th Century Spanish History" »

War and Revolution: 1914–1923

Rivalries between European countries had generated two powerful alliances that fought against one another during the First World War. Industrial and technological advances were used to manufacture weapons and other military equipment. Society was transformed by the war; for instance, many women worked in factories. Russia's participation in the war had severe effects on the population, which was one cause of the Russian Revolution. Spain remained neutral during the war. During this period, the Avant-garde movement greatly influenced art.

The First World War

The First World War was fought by two opposing alliances that included European countries, as well as the US and Japan.

Causes of the War

• Territorial Disputes:

The Tsar's Abdication: A Direct Consequence of the February Revolution

The Tsar's abdication in 1917 was a direct consequence of the February Revolution. Forced to relinquish his position, and with his son's grave health concerns, he offered the throne to his brother. However, his brother's refusal marked the end of tsarism in Russia.

The February Uprising

In February 1917, the citizens of Petrograd took to the streets in a primarily peaceful strike, aiming to make their grievances heard by the Tsar. Unfortunately, the Tsar, ill-prepared for leadership and overwhelmed by the situation, remained indecisive. His only desire was to reunite with his family in Petrograd. This lack of action prompted a harsh response from the army, resulting in numerous... Continue reading "The Tsar's Abdication: Causes and Consequences of the February Revolution" »

1. What Was the Cold War?

The Cold War was a period of permanently tense international relations between 1945 and 1991. During this time, the world was divided into two opposing blocs:

1.1. Western Bloc

Led by the USA, these countries had a political system based on democracy and a capitalist economy.

1.2. Eastern Bloc

Led by the Soviet Union, these countries had a totalitarian regime and a centrally planned economy.

2. Characteristics of the Cold War

A. Bipolar Order: The two superpowers had similar military and destructive capabilities. They maintained international tensions based on distrust and threats.

B. The Arms Race: Rivalry between both superpowers to have the greatest weapons: atomic bombs, hydrogen bombs, and chemical weapons.

C. Areas of

The American Revolution (1775-1783)

Causes of the War (Caused by a Combination of Factors)

Chapter 16

1. Lincoln's Reconstruction Plan

2. Wade-Davis Manifesto

3. Freedmen's Bureau

4. John Wilkes Booth

5. Proclamation of Amnesty

6. Radical Republicans

7. Military Reconstruction Act

8. Tenure of Office Act

9. Union League

10. Baptist

11. African Americans

12. Carpetbaggers

13. Scalawags

14. Ku Klux Klan

15. Liberal Republicans

16. Republicans

17. Samuel Tilden

18. Grant

19. 1876 Presidential Election

20. Compromise of 1877

21. Reconstruction

22. Andrew Johnson

23. Fifteenth Amendment

24. Susan B. Anthony

25. Horace Greeley

26. Pinckney Pinchback

27. Hiram Revels

28. Edwin M. Stanton

29. Charles Sumner

A. Most Popular Religious Denomination Among Blacks

This was the most popular religious denomination among blacks in the postwar South

B. Group Opposed Grant

This group... Continue reading "Reconstruction Era: Key Figures and Events" »