Global Conflict: War and Revolution 1914-1923

War and Revolution: 1914–1923

Rivalries between European countries had generated two powerful alliances that fought against one another during the First World War. Industrial and technological advances were used to manufacture weapons and other military equipment. Society was transformed by the war; for instance, many women worked in factories. Russia's participation in the war had severe effects on the population, which was one cause of the Russian Revolution. Spain remained neutral during the war. During this period, the Avant-garde movement greatly influenced art.

The First World War

The First World War was fought by two opposing alliances that included European countries, as well as the US and Japan.

Causes of the War

• Territorial Disputes: France wanted to recover the region of Alsace-Lorraine.
• Balkan Tensions: The Austro-Hungarian Empire occupied and then annexed Bosnia-Herzegovina, leading to nationalist protests by Serbians living in Bosnia.
• Imperialism: Industrialized European countries expanded their empires and competed for control of colonies, especially in North Africa.
• Naval Arms Race: Britain and Germany became involved in a naval arms race; they created the Dreadnought.

Participants and Phases

As a result of these tensions, two alliances were established:

• The Central Powers: The Austro-Hungarian Empire was supported by the German Empire, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria.
• The Allied Powers: Serbia was supported by Great Britain, France, and the Russian Empire. Later, they were joined by Japan, Romania, the US, Greece, and Portugal.

Phases of the Conflict

1. Initial German offensives (1914)
2. Trench warfare and new allies (1915–1917)
3. Allied victories and the armistice (1918)

Economy and Society During the War

Economy

Most economic activity was directed towards the military effort. Industry concentrated on making supplies and equipment for the armed forces, and many recent inventions were used. The production of consumer goods decreased because there were not enough workers; consequently, prices increased and the government introduced rationing.

Social Effects

Men were conscripted or recruited into the armed forces. Advertisements were used to encourage patriotism, and women had to replace them in many areas of economic activity.

The Post-War World

Peace Treaties

The Allies ratified five treaties at the Paris Peace Conference. The Treaty of Versailles established severe terms for Germany:

• It could not have tanks or an air force.
• The German region of East Prussia was divided.
• It had to pay reparations to European allies.
• It had to sign the War Guilt Clause.

Consequences of the First World War

• Death and injury
• Material destruction
• Economic decline
• New European states
• Colonial changes