Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for History

Sort by
Subject
Level

Understanding Cubism and Dadaism in Art History

Classified in History

Written on in English with a size of 2.2 KB

Cubism

Cubism was an artistic style that developed in France in the early 20th century. It is characterized by the simplified representation of figures through the use of geometric shapes, such as cubes, cylinders, or spheres, without reflecting depth. The figures are created with defined areas of color called facets. Collage was used, which consisted of sticking different materials, such as newspaper and cloth, onto the canvas to form images. Open sculpture was used for the first time, in which spaces and holes had artistic value.

Dadaism

Dadaism was an avant-garde movement in painting and photography that began in Germany in 1916. This style originated from the disillusionment felt by artists when contemplating the tragic consequences of the
... Continue reading "Understanding Cubism and Dadaism in Art History" »
Karma: 8%
Visits: 0

FAmily matters

Classified in History

Written on in English with a size of 2.18 KB

The short story “The Force of Circumstances” symbolizes the British imperialism.

With the figure of Guy, the protagonist of the story, the author wants to personificate the British colonization in Malaysia. The fact that Guy uses the love the Malay woman has for him to stop himself of feeling lonely and then leaving her alone with kids, shows the egoism of many British people living in Malaysia while M. Was a British colony and the trouble and conflicts they caused in the country. With this story the author also wants to point out the difference between both cultures and with the example of Doris, how the whites wanted to impregnate their own culture without caring and respecting the culture of local people.

The short story “An Outpost

... Continue reading "FAmily matters" »
Karma: 8%
Visits: 0

A History of Architecture: From Neoclassicism to Modernism

Classified in History

Written on in English with a size of 7.37 KB

1. The Rise of Neoclassicism

After the French Revolution in 1789, Europe was overtaken by liberal and national movements. What architectural movement was in style at that time that highlighted the use of Greek and Roman forms without overt ornamentation?

c. Neo-Classical

2. Innovations in Reinforced Concrete

In Europe, there were great technical developments in reinforced concrete construction as advanced by Joseph Monier in 1877. Who was the man that substituted steel for iron in reinforced concrete construction and developed the hooked connections for reinforcing bars?

c. Francois Hennebique

3. Principles of Traditional Town Design

Which of the following statements is true about traditional town design?

a. There is a variety of dwelling types within... Continue reading "A History of Architecture: From Neoclassicism to Modernism" »

Karma: 8%
Visits: 0

Spanish Civil War: Conservative & Popular Front (1933-1936)

Classified in History

Written on in English with a size of 2.65 KB

The Conservative Period (1933-1936)

The Confederación Española de Derechas Autónomas (CEDA) won the elections and formed a government in coalition with Lerroux and his party, Partido Radical de Centro.

In 1934, members of the CEDA entered the government, and protests escalated into the October Revolution of 1934.

In Asturias, miners initiated a rebellion. The revolt was suppressed by the army, which deployed Moroccan troops led by Franco to control the situation.

In Barcelona, the autonomous government proclaimed a Catalan Republic separate from the Spanish Republic. The Statute of Autonomy was abolished, and the Generalitat was dissolved.

New elections were held in 1936. The Frente Popular (left-wing parties) won.

The Popular Front (February-

... Continue reading "Spanish Civil War: Conservative & Popular Front (1933-1936)" »
Karma: 8%
Visits: 0

Victoriano Huerta's Dictatorship and Women's Participation in the Mexican Revolution

Classified in History

Written on in English with a size of 2.97 KB

Victoriano Huerta and the Mexican Revolution

Victoriano Huerta (born December 23, 1854, Colotlán, Mexico—died January 13, 1916, El Paso, Texas, U.S.) was the dictatorial president of Mexico from February 18, 1913, to July 15, 1914. His repressive regime inadvertently united disparate revolutionary forces in common opposition to him.

Rise to Power and the Coup

Born of Indian parents, Huerta trained at the Chapultepec Military College and eventually rose to the rank of general in the army during the rule of the dictator Porfirio Díaz. Though an admirer of Díaz, Huerta served his successor, the liberal president Francisco Madero, as chief of staff of the army.

When part of the army in Mexico City rebelled against Madero in February 1913, Huerta... Continue reading "Victoriano Huerta's Dictatorship and Women's Participation in the Mexican Revolution" »

Karma: 8%
Visits: 0

Sabino Arana's Vision: Founding Basque Nationalism in Bizkaia

Classified in History

Written on in English with a size of 3.55 KB

Sabino Arana's Early Basque Nationalism

The text we analyze is a primary source. Regarding its form, it comprises the founding statutes of a nationalist social center, the first Batzoki of Bizkaia, making it a historical document. Its content addresses social, political, and cultural subjects. The author is Sabino Arana, often called the Father of Basque Nationalism. Intended for nationalists in Bilbao and, more broadly, throughout Bizkaia, the objective was to establish the rules of the first nationalist organization and summarize the main ideological tenets of its founder. This significant text was published in 1894 in Bilbao, the capital of Bizkaia.

Statutes of Euskaldunen Batzokija: Core Principles

The statutes of Euskaldunen Batzokija are... Continue reading "Sabino Arana's Vision: Founding Basque Nationalism in Bizkaia" »

Karma: 8%
Visits: 0

Spartan Society: Military Discipline, Education, and Roles

Classified in History

Written on in English with a size of 2.27 KB

A Disciplined Society

Spartans valued military discipline. Even today, the word Spartan means highly disciplined or lacking comfort. Unlike Athenians, Spartans did not value luxury goods or beautiful buildings.

Education in Sparta

With Helots working the fields, Spartan males had plenty of time to train for military service. At seven, they were taken away from their homes for schooling at state expense. They lived together in BARRACKS: military houses. Spartan boys did not receive a well-rounded education. They spent most of their time exercising, hunting, and training with weapons. They were taught to obey orders automatically rather than to think for themselves. At the age of 18, young men began a 2-year program of military training to become... Continue reading "Spartan Society: Military Discipline, Education, and Roles" »

Karma: 8%
Visits: 0

19th Century Spain and Europe: Art, Politics, and Independence

Classified in History

Written on in English with a size of 3.07 KB

Supreme Central Junta

This political association of patriots led the war effort and governed Spain during the monarchy's instability.

Constitution of 1812

Drafted by the Courts of Cádiz, this document recognized equality under the law, established national sovereignty, and the separation of powers. Absolutism was replaced by a liberal political system, although the monarchy remained. Universal male suffrage was also accepted.

European Alliances

Two main alliance systems existed. The first, the Bismarckian system, was based on secret diplomacy promoted by Chancellor Otto von Bismarck to isolate France and prevent its alliance with Russia against Germany. This system lasted for 20 years. The second, "Peace through Strength" (1891-1914), saw the

... Continue reading "19th Century Spain and Europe: Art, Politics, and Independence" »

Karma: 8%
Visits: 0

The Heirs of Rome: Islam, Byzantium, and Europe

Classified in History

Written on in English with a size of 4.05 KB

The Caliphs, Muhammad's Successors, 632-750

In the new political community he founded in Arabia, Muhammad reorganized traditional Arab society by cutting across clan allegiances and welcoming converts from every tribe. He forged the Muslims into a formidable military force, and his successors, the caliphs, used this force to take the Byzantine and Persian worlds by storm.

After Muhammad's death, the Muslims moved to the north and west quickly taking Byzantine territory in Syria and Egypt. They invaded the Sasanid empire, conquering the whole of Persia by 651.

During the last half of the seventh century and the beginning of the eighth, Islamic warriors extended their sway westward to Spain and eastward to India.

There were also internal reasons

... Continue reading "The Heirs of Rome: Islam, Byzantium, and Europe" »

Karma: 8%
Visits: 0

19th Century European Unification and Political Shifts

Classified in History

Written on in English with a size of 2.65 KB

GERMAN UNIFICATION

Factors Leading to Unification:

  • Following the Congress of Vienna, the German Confederation was fragmented into 39 states.
  • The rise of liberal and nationalist ideologies.
  • The Frankfurt Parliament's attempt to establish a unified state with universal male suffrage during the Revolution of 1848.
  • The establishment of the Zollverein, a customs union, in 1834.

Otto von Bismarck's Role:

Otto von Bismarck, appointed Chancellor of Prussia in 1862, spearheaded the unification process. Prussia, with its strong nationalism, formidable army, and developed economy, played a pivotal role. Bismarck expelled Austria from the German Confederation and unified the northern states.

Second Phase and Formation of the German Empire:

In the second phase,

... Continue reading "19th Century European Unification and Political Shifts" »

Karma: 8%
Visits: 0