Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Baccalaureate

C printf Function: Format Specifiers Explained

The printf function in C is used to display formatted output to the standard output (usually the console). It allows programmers to control how data is presented by using **format specifiers**. Format specifiers are placeholders that define the type of data being printed and how it should be formatted. They begin with a % symbol, followed by a character that specifies the data type.

Role of Format Specifiers

Format specifiers serve two main purposes:

1. Data Type Identification: They inform the printf function about the type of data being passed as an argument. For example, %d is used for integers, while %f is used for floating-point numbers.
2. Formatting Control: They allow customization of how the data

Nervous System Anatomy

• Functions:

  • Controls perception (sight, touch, hearing, taste).
  • Maintains homeostasis (e.g., blood pressure, body temperature).

• Divisions:

  • Central Nervous System (CNS): Brain & spinal cord (processes information and sends responses).
  • Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Motor & sensory neurons connecting the CNS to the rest of the body.

• PNS Subdivisions:

  • Somatic Nervous System: Controls voluntary movement (e.g., moving hands).
  • Autonomic Nervous System: Controls involuntary functions (e.g., heart rate).
    • Sympathetic Division (Fight or Flight): Increases alertness, heart rate, etc.
    • Parasympathetic Division (Rest & Digest): Slows heart rate, promotes digestion, etc.

• Structural Differences (Autonomic):

  • Parasympathetic: Long preganglionic

Essential English Vocabulary and Phrasal Verbs

Look back on

Recordar

Look down on

Menospreciar

Stand up for

Defender

Go through

Pasar por

Miss out on

Perderse algo

Keep up with

Mantener el ritmo

Come up against

Enfrentarse a algo

Get on with

Ponerse a ello

To keep a close watch on

Vigilar de cerca

It turns out that

Resulta que

A common sight

Muy habitual

On a leash

Con correa

To make way for

Hacer espacio

Be scrap

Sobrar

To fight for scraps

Luchar por las sobras

To perch on

Posarse en

Turning point

Un cambio decisivo

To seek ways to improve

Buscar maneras para mejorar

To overcome

Superar

To achieve

Alcanzar

Adjectives for Describing Change and Quality

• Remarkable: Notable
• Dramatic: Importante
• Far-reaching: De gran alcance
• Refreshing: Fresco
• Subtle: Sutil
• Appealing: Atractivo
• Affordable: Económico
• Effortless:

Essential English Vocabulary

Personality Vocabulary (English to Spanish)

• Innocence → Inocencia
• Sensitivity → Sensibilidad
• Shy → Tímido/a
• Self-conscious → Cohibido/a
• Confident → Seguro/a de sí mismo/a
• Frustration → Frustración
• Assertive → Asertivo/a
• Nervous → Nervioso/a
• Defensive → A la defensiva
• Openness → Apertura
• Aggressive → Agresivo/a
• Impatient → Impaciente

Actions and Gestures Vocabulary

• Wave → Saludar con la mano / Agitar la mano
• Catch their eye → Llamar su atención / Cruzar miradas
• Hold hands → Tomarse de la mano / Agarrarse de la mano
• Interrupt → Interrumpir
• Apologize → Disculparse / Pedir perdón
• Answer your mobile phone → Contestar el móvil / teléfono
• Kiss → Besar
• Touch → Tocar
• Shaking hands → Dar la mano

Subjectivity, Objectivity, and Bias in History

• Objectivity

  • The goal of history.
  • But historians say that objectivity is not possible as history is based on interpretation, and hence subjectivity is bound to come.

• Bias

  • Something that is done deliberately.
  • For propaganda.
  • Vested interest, to prove something.
  • This is known as pattern writing.

• Why Subjectivity Enters Historical Writing

  • Social Animal

    • Everyone goes through the process of social interactions.
    • The personality that evolves through social interaction also lies within the historian.

  • Ideology

    • Ideas people incorporate with them.

  • Area of Research

    • When a historian chooses their area for investigation, the moment they choose it out of their own inherent interest, subjectivity obviously enters.

  • Religion

    • For example,

Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj (1630-1680)

Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj (1630-1680) was a renowned Indian warrior king and the founder of the Maratha Empire in western India. He is celebrated for his valor, strategic military tactics, and administrative prowess. Here are some key highlights of his life and legacy:

Early Life

Born on February 19, 1630, in the Shivneri Fort, near Pune, to Shahaji Bhosale and Jijabai, Shivaji was deeply influenced by his mother and his tutor, Dadaji Kondadev. His upbringing instilled a strong sense of justice and a desire for independence.

Military Achievements

Shivaji is known for his guerrilla warfare tactics and successfully challenging the mighty Mughal Empire and other regional powers like the Adil Shahi Sultanate.... Continue reading "Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj: Founder of the Maratha Empire" »

Past vs. Present: Using "There Was/Were"

Twelve years ago, there were several trees. There weren't stores in front of the clock. There were a lot of people around. There weren't uncomfortable wooden benches.

Let's compare the past and present using "There was" / "There wasn't":

• There was a cool view around the square.
• There wasn't any Play Queen Desserts store near the clock.
• There was a big amount of tea.

Rules for "There Was" / "There Were"

Positive Forms

• I/He/She/It: was
• You/We/They: were

Negative Forms

• I/He/She/It: wasn't (was not)
• You/We/They: weren't (were not)

Interrogative Forms

• Was (I/She/He/It)...?
• Were (You/We/They)...?

Short Answers

• Positive: Yes, I was. Yes, you were. Yes, he/she/it was. Yes, we were. Yes, they were.
• Negative: No, I wasn't. No,

Understanding Variables & Data Types

Variables: Storing Data

Variables are containers used to store data. They are assigned values using the = operator (e.g., x = 5).

Essential Data Types

Python supports several fundamental data types:

• int: Represents integer numbers (e.g., 10, -5).
• float: Represents floating-point numbers (e.g., 3.14, -0.01).
• str: Represents strings of characters (e.g., "hello", "123").
• bool: Represents Boolean values, either True or False.

Type Casting: Converting Data Types

Type casting allows you to convert data from one type to another using functions like int(), float(), and str().

Example: x = int("5") converts the string "5" to an integer. y = float("3.14") converts the string "3.14" to a float.

Input and Output Operations

Getting

Business Entity Fundamentals

• Entities:
  • Natural person (1 owner)
  • Moral person (+2 owners)
• Source of Capital:
  • Private (individuals)
  • Public (state)
  • Mixed (individuals and state)
  • Domestic (Mexicans/national)
  • Foreign
• Act Developed:
  • Trade
  • Manufacturer
  • Service
• Countries Operate:
  • National
  • Multinational
• Purpose:
  • For-profit
  • Non-profit

Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS)

All entities keep accounting records as measured following Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS).

Accounting Definition

Accounting: Methodical and systematic record of the daily operations of an economic entity.

IFRS Ethics Principles

• Integrity: Honest
• Objectivity: No conflict of interests
• Competition: Update knowledge
• Confidentiality
• Professionalism: Comply with laws

Accounting Information Systems

System: Set of elements... Continue reading "Key Business and Accounting Concepts" »