Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Baccalaureate

Conditionals

Zero Conditional

If + present simple, ... present simple

First Conditional

If + present simple, ... will + infinitive

Second Conditional

If + past simple, ... would + infinitive

Third Conditional

If + past perfect, ... would + have + past participle

The Passive Voice (Active/Passive)

Present Simple

Active: The waiter serves the customers.

Passive: The customers are served by the waiter.

Present Continuous

Active: The waiter is serving the customers.

Passive: The customers are being served by the waiter.

Past Simple

Active: The waiter served the customers.

Passive: The customers were served by the waiter.

Past Continuous

Active: The waiter was serving the customers.

Passive: The customers were being served by the waiter.

Present Perfect Simple

Active:... Continue reading "English Grammar and Vocabulary Guide: Conditionals, Passive Voice, and More" »

Crime and Punishment

Crime and punishment

• Kidnapping -> secuestrar
• Arson -> incendio provocado
• Life sentence -> (sentencia de por vida / cadena perpetua)
• Vandalism -> vandalismo
• A fine -> (una) multa
• Community service -> servicio comunitario / trabajos comunitarios
• Burglary -> robo (allanamiento con robo)
• Tax evasion -> evasión de impuestos
• Piracy -> piratería
• Receiving stolen goods -> recibir bienes robados / receptación
• Electronic tagging -> pulsera electrónica
• Corporal punishment -> castigo corporal

Cybercrime

Cybercrime

• Cyberbullying -> ciberacoso
• Cyberstalking -> ciberacecho / acoso cibernético
• Fraudster -> estafador
• Hacking -> hackear / intrusión informática
• Identity theft -> robo de identidad
• (persona

Connectors of Addition

• And: y
• Secondly: En segundo lugar
• Then / Next: Después / Luego
• Also / Too: También
• As well as: Además de
• Moreover / Furthermore: Además / Es más
• In fact / As a matter of fact: De hecho
• Actually: En realidad / De hecho
• Anyway: En cualquier caso / De todas formas
• Besides: Además / Aparte
• By the way: A propósito / Por cierto
• In other words: En otras palabras
• That is to say: O sea / Es decir
• In addition: Además
• Such as: Como / Por ejemplo
• Like: Como / Por ejemplo
• Above all: Sobre todo
• Or rather: O / O mejor

Adversative Connectors

• But: Pero
• However: Sin embargo
• Nonetheless / Nevertheless: No obstante
• Yet / Even so: Sin embargo / Aun así
• Still: De todas maneras
• Instead: En lugar de
• Whereas / While: Mientras que
• On the contrary: Al contrario
• On

Phrasal Verbs

Bring

• Bring back: Retornar
• Bring down: Reduir
• Bring forward: Avançar
• Bring in: Guanyar diners, convidar
• Bring on: Produir
• Bring out: Publicar
• Bring up: Treure un tema, educar

Come

• Come across: Trobar casualment
• Come along: Arribar
• Come apart: Desfer-se
• Come down on: Renyar
• Come in: Entrar
• Come into: Entrar en, heretar
• Come round: Venir a visitar
• Come through: Sortir d'alguna cosa
• Come up with: Proposar

Get

• Get by: Sortir-se'n
• Get in: Entrar en un vehicle
• Get into: Entrar a un lloc
• Get off: Baixar d'un vehicle públic

Look

• Look at: Fixar-se
• Look back: Mirar enrere
• Look down on: Fer un repàs, menysprear

Make and Point

• Make for: Anar a
• Make off with: Escapar-se amb
• Make up: Fer les paus
• Make up for: Compensar
• Point out: Assenyalar

Put

• Put down: Humiliar
• Put forward:

Essential Vocabulary and Phrases

Customer Service & Complaints

• Poor quality / Bad service
• Delivery (repartiment)
• Refund (retornar)
• Exchange (intercanvi)
• Free of charge (gratis)
• Disappointed with the service

Complaint Phrases:

• "I am writing because I would like to complain about the [product/service] which I ordered by post from your factory."
• "I think that you should..."
• "I would appreciate it if you would..."
• "Please reply as soon as possible."

Movie Review Terminology

• Dramatic (espectacular)
• Disappointing
• A masterpiece (obra mestra)
• A box-office hit (èxit de taquilla)
• "It's directed by..."
• "Is well worth seeing" (va valdre la pena)
• "You won't regret it" (no te'n penediràs)
• "Reported that..."
• "Added that..."

Reading Comprehension Exercises

Athlete Retirement

Agricultural Revolution: Changes and Consequences

1. The Agricultural Revolution caused changes in land ownership: the English Parliament passed laws to force the enclosing of property and to legalize enclosures. There were also changes in farming techniques, such as the introduction of the four‑year rotation system with nitrogen‑fixing plants, which act as a natural fertilizer. The suppression of fallow periods increased the extent of cultivation and led to greater food availability. It also spurred technical progress in agriculture, including the emergence of new types of plows.

2. The Agricultural Revolution led to a demographic revolution because increased food supplies raised life expectancy. The demographic changes provided labor for industry

Major Literary Genres

Literary genres represent different possibilities for the author to present their work, depending on the author's attitude towards the subject matter.

The Lyric Genre

The lyric poet expresses their inner self, presenting the reader with intimate personal experiences, their perception of their surroundings, and ultimately, their own vision of the world. Verse is often used, but poetic prose can also be employed.

The Dramatic (Theatrical) Genre

The author sets the scene for characters, embodied by actors, who talk to each other to develop the action. Stage directions (didaskalia) are displayed within parentheses, usually at the beginning of the work and in certain parts of the representation. Dramatic works can be written in... Continue reading "Classification of Literary Genres and Subgenres" »

Philosophical Critiques of Descartes' "Cogito Ergo Sum"

Huet's Challenge to Cartesian Evidence

A critique, often attributed to Pierre Daniel Huet, questions the Cartesian "Cogito ergo sum." It posits that we cannot accept the existence of reason as self-evident if its establishment as the rule of evidence could have been manipulated by an evil genius.

Descartes' Answer: Descartes counters that reason is an intuitive truth that reveals itself; it does not merely validate a rule of evidence established on a provisional basis. On the contrary, finding that the existence of reason is an irrefutable truth is, in fact, legitimized by the rule of evidence (though, Descartes concedes, ultimately legitimized only by God).

Hume's Empiricist Critique of the

Botas

1.- 1E 2C 3D 4A 5B

2.-

A: ____ Could you clean up your shoes ?
(Make a request about the picture on the left)

B: __Ohh, sorry, but I don’t have time, I’ll clean
up in the afternoon.

3.-

1. __First, try not to put metal objects inside.
2. _ Remember to set up the clock.
3. _ Don’t forget to close the door before starting up.

4.-

1.What are robots used for? They are used in difficult tasks for humans and are also used for research in universities, among others.

2.How do computers make life easier? Computers make our lives easier because they help us to get information, do transactions, pay bills, among others. Nowadays, they are always present.

Silla

1.- 1B 2C 3D 4E 5A

2.-

A: __Please, put on your jacket_____________?
(Make a request about the picture

Mamíferos: Las hembras tienen mamas que producen leche para alimentar a las crías, el cuerpo está cubierto por pelos. La función principal es proteger del frio al animal.
Pelaje: raíz dentro del funículo piloso .Los pelos nuevos sacan los pelos viejos. La glándula sebácea lo hace más flexible el pelo. Lana (largo y fino), cerda (áspero y grueso), vello (suave y corto) y púa (largo y puntiagudo)
La temperatura: Es constante. Si sube o baja la temperatura siempre se mantiene constante.
Hibernación: desciende -10 Cº / Duerme no come y se esconde.
Invernación: baja la temperatura pero un duerme profundamente, come y hace algunas actividades.
La fecundación interna se produce en el ovulo con el esperma.
Sistema digestivo: Boca -faringe-